Gun Free School Zone

United States Vs. Lopez (1995) HIS 303 March 28, 2010 United States Vs. Lopez (1995) Before I can appropriately discuss the opinion given by the US Supreme Court Justices; I feel that at first I must explain the background of what happened and the question that was brought before the justices of the US Supreme Court and the facts of the case. During this paper I will try to give some background information as well as the various opinions related to this issue. I will attempt to analyze and discuss the overall final outcome as issued by the courts in 1995.On March 10, 1992 Alfonzo Lopez Jr. , who was then a 12th-grade student (senior), arrived at Edison high School in San Antonio, Texas, carrying on his person a concealed . 38 caliber handgun and five bullets. Acting on an anonymous tip, the school authorities confronted Alfonzo, who readily admitted to having the weapon. He was arrested and charged under Texas law with firearm possession on school property. The next day the state cha rges were dropped and federal agents charged Alfonzo with federal charges of violating the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990.The question that was brought before the courts: Is the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, forbidding individuals from knowingly carrying a gun in a school zone, unconstitutional because it exceeds the power of Congress to legislate under the Commerce Clause? (The Oyez Project, 2010). One of the most important sections of Article I is section 8. It carefully lists the powers the Framers wished the new Congress to possess. These specified or enumerated powers contain many key provisions that had been denied to the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation.For example, one of the major weaknesses of the Articles was Congress’s lack of authority to deal with trade wars. The Constitution remedied this problem by authorizing Congress to â€Å"regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States. † Congress was also given the authority to coin money. Enumerated Powers are defined as Seventeen specific powers granted to Congress under Article I, section 8, of the U. S. Constitution; these powers include taxation, coinage of money, regulation of commerce, and the authority to provide for a national defense (O'Connor ; Sabato, 2008).The facts behind the case are: Alfonzo Lopez Jr. , a 12th grade high school student, carried a concealed weapon into his high school in San Antonio, Texas. He was charged under Texas law with firearm possession on school premises. After being charged under state law, the next day, the state charges were dismissed by federal court . Federal agents charged Lopez with violating a federal criminal statute, the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 (from here on out referred to as the act). The act forbids â€Å"any individual knowingly to possess a firearm at a place that [he] knows†¦ s a school zone. † Lopez was found guilty following a bench trial and sentenced to six months' imprisonment and two years' supervised release. â€Å"The District Court denied his motion to dismiss the indictment, concluding that 922(q) is a constitutional exercise of Congress' power to regulate activities in and affecting commerce (FindLaw ®,2010). Later the Court of Appeals held that, taking into account of what is characterized as inadequate congressional conclusions and legislative history, 922(q) is invalid as beyond Congress' power under the Commerce Clause.Alfonso Lopez Jr. (here on out known as the respondent) and his legal team petitioned the Court of Appeals to dismiss the charges bases on the Act exceeds Congress' Commerce Clause authority. In no rational logic can the connection be made between the possession of a gun or any firearm in a school zone and economic activities affecting commerce. Section 922(q) is a criminal statute that by its terms has nothing to do with â€Å"commerce† or any other type of economic enterprise, no matter how broadl y the terms of Section 922(q) are defined by the defense.Secondly, 992(q), contains no jurisdictional component which would ensure that the firearms possession in question has the requisite Page II nexus with the interstate commerce (Cornell University Law School, 2010). In order for the respondent, which was a local student at his school; to get his case dismissed he would have to prove that either he recently moved with interstate commerce or that he had some sort of tie to interstate commerce.In order for the court to uphold the respondents claim that 922(q) is justified because the possession of the firearm in a local school zone does indeed substantially influence interstate commerce, they would have to have the Supreme Court pile conjecture upon conjecture in an approach that would suggest reasonable to convert congressional Commerce Clause authority to a general police authority of the nature possessed only by the States. The Chief Justice that presided over this case was C. J. Rehnquist, the other presiding Justices were J. O'Connor, J. Stevens, J. Souter, J. Breyer, JJ. Thomas, J. Kennedy, J. Scalia, and JJ.Ginsburg. Chief Justice Rehnquist delivered the opinion over the case with Justices O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, and Thomas filed concurring opinions. Whereas, Justices Breyer, Stevens, Souter, and Ginsburg filed a dissenting opinion. Before I go into the opinion that Rehnquist delivered I would like to go in to some of the opinions that the other Justices' had stated as to their dissenting opinions. Justice Breyer reasons for his dissenting opinion focuses mainly on the threat that firearm possession in and near schools poses to the educational process and the potential economic consequences flowing from that threat.More specifically, he states (1) gun-related violence is a serious problem: (2) that problem, in turn, has an adverse effect on classroom learning; and (3) that adverse effect on classroom learning, in turn, represents a substantial thre at to trade and commerce (Cornell University Law School, 2010). Justice Souter continues by stating that The Court observed that the Gun-Free School Zones Act operates in two areas traditionally subject to legislation by the States, education and enforcement of criminal law.The suggestion is either that a connection between commerce and these subjects is remote, or that the commerce power is simply weaker when it touches subjects on which the States have historically been the primary legislators. Neither suggestion is tenable. As for the remoteness, it may or may not be wise for the National Government to deal with education, however Justice Breyer has surely demonstrated that the commercial prospects of an illiterate State or Nation are not rosy†¦ (Cornell University Law School, 2010).Justice Stevens stated that the welfare of our future â€Å"Commerce with Foreign Nations, and among the several States,† is vitally dependent on the character of the education of our chil dren. He, therefore, agrees entirely with Justice Breyer's explanation of why Congress has ample power to prohibit the possession of firearms in or near schools – just as it may protect the school environment from harms posed by controlled substances such as asbestos or alcohol (Cornell University Law School, 2010).Chief Justice Rehnquist delivered the opinion of the Court as: In the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, Congress made it a federal offense â€Å"for any individual knowingly to possess a firearm at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is a school zone. † The Act neither regulates a commercial activity nor contains a requirement that the possession be connected in any way to interstate commerce. We hold that the Act exceeds the authority of Congress†¦ (Cornell University Law School, 2010).The courts final opinion simply stated is that yes, the possession of a firearm in a local school zone is not an economic activity th at might, through repetition elsewhere, have a substantial effect on interstate commerce. The law is a criminal statute that has nothing to do with â€Å"commerce† or any sort of economic activity (The Oyez Project, 2010). The constitutional significance of this particular opinion can be stated as simply as our national laws have supremacy over the laws on the state level, in this particular case the National laws and the State laws were one in the same.At no time does the possession of firearms on school property have an effect on interstate commerce or any other commerce for that matter. Article I Section 8 gives Congress power under the constitution to regulate commerce along with the authority to provide for a National Defense, however, the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 has nothing to do with either of the entitlements of Congress. The Gun-Free School Zones Act is a federal act strictly pertaining to just that gun control in school zone areas.In my opinion the creatio n of this act simply helps state and local government agencies enforce the Zero Tolerance Policies that most schools have gone to for firearms, alcohol, and controlled substances. The constitutional significance is that it firmly establishes that in this situation and others like it have no bearing on commerce and therefore Congress were well within their rights in creating this Act and the state and federal government were well within their rights to enforce it.Although some good arguments were made on the behalf of the respondent and a valid attempt to connect commerce with the possession of firearms on school property or in school zones, that facts are still the facts and they still remain. The possession of a firearm in a local school zone is not an economic activity that might, through repetition elsewhere, have a substantial effect on interstate commerce.Living in a time of constant turmoil and of society restlessness I am glad that we have the government that we have and that they are the ones making the decisions as to where the lines are drawn and what happens when those lines are crossed. It is unfortunate that on March 10, 1992 that this student felt the need to conceal a gun and bring it to school, however, it is very fortunate for that community that it did not end with the results that other schools have met with.

Liquid Chromatography Lab

Liquid Chromatography – Laboratory #18 Introduction: We are using liquid chromatography to separate the colored substances in grape-flavored drinks. We separate the component dyes, and then we separate the flavorings and citric acids. Background: Chromatography is a process that is used to separate a substance into its component parts. The separation occurs between the stationary and moving phase of the lab. The moving phase consists of a fluid and the stationary phase consists of a solid. The mixture we are trying to split up is integrated into the mobile phase.When the mobile phase interacts with the solid phase, the components of the mixture are attracted to the solid phase in varying degrees. Components with higher levels of attraction for the mobile phase result in a faster speed of transport throughout the solid phase. Components with higher levels of attraction for the solid phase result in a slower speed of transport throughout the solid phase. These differing levels o f attraction end up in separation of the mixture into component bands, which exit the system as distinct liquids. [pic] Liquid chromatography labs are composed of six main parts: . A separation column filled with a fine-grain solid. b. A solvent (mobile phase) that moves through the separation column. c. An injection system to transport the solvent to the separation column. d. A pump to force the solvent through the separation column. e. A detector to determine when the components exit the separation column. f. A recorder [pic] Although in most chromatography labs the solid phase is polar and the mobile phase is nonpolar, we are using Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography, where the mobile phase is polar and the solid phase is nonpolar. Also read: Fluorenol PolarityWhen the mobile phase interacts with the solid phase, the polar parts of the mobile phase are attracted to each other, so they wash through the column quickly. The less polar components of the mobile phase are attracted to the nonpolar solid in the column, so they wash through the column slowly. This results in a separation of the components, whose degree is measured as the resolution. [pic] Pre-lab Questions 1. What is the process of chromatography used for? 2. In the chromatography, components of a mixture distribute themselves between the stationary phase and the mobile phase.Explain how the components can be separate with these two phases. 3. In the liquid chromatography column used in this experiment, the solid has a C18 hydrocarbon bonded to it. Would a C18 hydrocarbon be polar or nonpolar? Explain. 4. Below are the typical data for this experiment. 1 mL of a Kool-Aid solution was loaded on a Sep-Pak C18 Column. The red and blue dyes were eluted fro m the column with a constant flow of 18% isopropyl alcohol. The eluted solution was collected in a 10 mL graduated cylinder. The volumes of eluant were recoreded at the beginning and end of each color band. pic] Information: The first step in calculating the selectivity and resolution of the system is determining the volumes of eluant corresponding to the band widths and band centers for each eluted dye. a. Bandwidth W is the volume in mL of eluant containing each dye as it emerges from the column. Calculate the bandwidth W for each dye for each of the three runs and then determine the average bandwidth W average for each dye. b. Center of band, called Average Retention Volume V Rave corresponds to the center of each band.The average retention volume is calculated by taking the average starting volume for each band and adding one half the corresponding average band width. V Rave = V start + (? ) W ave Calculate the average retention volume volume V Rave for the red and blue dyes. c. For each dye, a capacity factor k' can be calculated. This term is a relative measure of the attraction of the dye for the stationary phase as compared to its attraction for the mobile phase. The equation fo capacity factor is : k' = (V Rave – V M)/V M here V Rave is the average retention volume for each dye and V M is mobile phase or eluant volume in the cartridge. V M can be estimated to be one half the cartridge volume, with the stationary phase occupying the other half. For the Sep-Pak cartridges, this V M value is . 49 mL. Calculate k' for each dye. d. A selectivity or separation factor, alpha, can now be calculated. This is the ratio of the k' values for each dye, with the larger value in the numerator. For good separation, a mobile phase is usually chosen that gives an alpha value between 2 and 10. Calculate alpha for this separation: alpha = (k' Blue)/(k' Red) e.The resolution R, a measure of how well the two dyes are separated by the column and eluant, is determined by the equation R = 2(V Rave Blue – V Rave Red)/(W Blue + W Red) where the numerator is the volume between the band centers and the denominatory represents the average band width. The greater the selectivity, the larger the numerator and therefore the greater the resolution. The resolution can also increase as the efficiency of the column increases, since this results in a lower average band width. Calculate R for this separation. Materials: Isopropyl Alcohol, 70% 50 mLIsopropyl Alcohol, 28%, 10 mL Isopropyl Alcohol, 18% 50 mL Isopropyl Alcohol, 5% 10 mL Graduated Cylinder, 10mL Graduated Cylinder, 25 mL Distilled Water, 300 mL Grape Koolaid Solution, 20 mL Sep-Pak C18 Cartridge 10 mL Syringe w/ male Luer tip Beaker, 100 mL, 3 Beaker, 50 mL, Safety Precautions: Isopropyl alcohol is inflammable and a fire hazard. Do not conduct this laboratory in the presence of flames. This alcohol is slightly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Chemical-resistant goggles, gloves, and aprons are required. Wash and rinse hands thoroughly with soap and water after conducting the lab.Procedure Part 1: Isocratic Separation (Constant rate of flow and solvent concentration) Pretreatment of the Sep-Pak C18 Cartridge 1. Cut off the exit tube/shorter end of the cartridge at the point where it meets the body of the cartridge. 2. Load the syringe with 10mL of 70% isopropyl alcohol. 3. Connect the tip of the syringe to the long end of the Sep-Pak cartridge. 4. Pump the isopropyl alcohol through the syringe cartridge at a rate of 5-10 mL/minute. 5. Collect the alcohol in a 10 mL graduated cylinder to monitor flow rate. 6. Repeat previous steps with distilled water. Sample Injection . Use 10 mL syringe to slowly inject 1 mL of Kool-Aid solution onto the column. 2. Discard the effluent that washes out. 3. Remove the cartridge from the syringe. 4. Rinse the syringe with 10 mL of distilled water 3 times to erase Kool-Aid residue. Sample Elution 1. Fill the syringe with 18% isopropyl alc ohol eluant and attach the syringe to the Sep-Pak Cartridge. 2. Pump the alcohol through the cartridge with a flow rate of 5-10 mL/min. 3. Collect effluent in 10 mL graduated cylinder. 4. Record volume of effluent collected as first and last of colored drops of each of the dyes exit.If separation is imperfect, record data for beginning/end of intermediate purple bands. Center of the purple band acts as the end of the first band and beginning of the last. Column Regeneration Repeat measurements two more times. Between injections, wash the column with 10 mL of distilled water at the same flow rate of 5-10 mL/min. If colored residue remains, repeat preatreatment. Part 2: Step Gradient Separation Now, we change composition of the eluting liquid. We first use a polar solvent, and then we reduce the polarity of the solid phase by adding isopropyl alcohol.Through this, we wash out citric acid and flavoring oils in addition. Pretreatment of the Sep-Pak C18 Cartridge Follow the pretreatment in Part 1. Sample Injection and Component Elution 1. Inject 1 mL of Kool-Aid solution into the column. 2. Elute polar components of the mixture (citric acid and sugar) by passing 5 mL of distilled water through the column. 3. Collect effluent in the first small beaker. 4. Elute the red dye by passing 10 mL of 5% isopropyl alcohol through the column. 5. Collect effluent in the second small beaker. 6. Use 10 mL of the 28% isopropyl alcohol to elute blue dye. 7. Collect effluent in the third small beaker. . Use 10 mL of 70% isopropyl alcohol to elute nonpolar flavor oils and additives. 9. Collect effluent in the fourth small beaker. 10. Record the color of each effluent. Evaporate the solvents and examine the components. 1. Allow the solutions to evaporate and leave them overnight in the fume hood until next lab period. Label solutions properly. 2. Observe and describe contents of each of the beakers. Measure using color, odor, and appearance. Data Table Part 1: Isocratic Separation | |Red Dye |Blue Dye | | Run #1 |Run #2 |Run #3 |Run #1 |Run #2 |Run #3 | |Start of Band (mL) | | | | | | | |End of Band (mL) | | | | | | | |W (mL) | | | | | | | |Vrave (mL) | | | | | | | |K’ | | | | | | | Part 2: Step Gradient Separation Beaker |Eluant |Observations | |1 |H2O | | | | | | |2 |5% isopropyl alcohol | | | | | | |3 |28% isopropyl alcohol | | | | | | |4 |70% isopropyl alcohol | | | | | | Calculations Determine the following values and show calculations. Refer to question six in the Pre-Lab Questions. Enter results in the Part 1 data table. 1. Bandwidth W for each dye. 2. Average Retention Volume V Rave for each dye. 3. Capacity Factor k' for each dye. 4. Selectivity alpha for the two dyes with this isocratic separation. 5. Resolution R for the two dyes with this isocratic separation.Post-Lab Questions 1. What is meant by polarity of molecules? What causes differences in polarity? 2. In discussing solubility, the rule â€Å"like dissolves like† is frequently used. What does this mean? 3. Draw the structural formula of isopropyl alcohol. Explain how it differs in polarity from water. 4. For good separation of the dyes, the resolution should be greater than one. What was the value you calculated? Did the two dyes overlap as they emerged from the column, or was the separation a good one? 5. In the step gradient separation, four separate fractions were collected. How were these related to the polarities of the column and of the eluting solvent?

Reflection Paper on School Counselor’s Skills

School Counselors’ Perception of Required Workplace Skills and Career Development Competencies John Barker Ph. D, Jamie Satcher, Ph. D The journal is about a research made to examine US counselors’ perception about the workplace skills and career development for the high school students who are going either work-bound or college bound. Researchers used a questionnaire with a participant of 152 high school counselors nationwide. It was defined from the study that work-bound students are those who are going to work right after high school while college-bound students are those who will pursue a degree after their secondary schooling.Workplace skills and career development competencies were essential for the high school students because according to their department of education, the students need to have a clear understanding of their future occupations. Results of the research indicated that high school counselors view work- and college-bound students as more similar tha n different in their need for developing required workplace skills and competencies. Moreover, the acquisition of said skills and competencies were recognized to be vital for both group of students.There is only a discrepancy when it comes to acquiring skills for according to the results, counselors believed that the work-bound students need to have more idea when it comes to skills so it will be easy for them to look for some jobs. The study emphasized on the great need of acquisition for high school students when it comes to work skills and career competencies as a part of their secondary school experience. Westerners have always been competitive when it comes to pursuing a career.The study was done in December 2000 and it is great to find out that they are already studying about the needs of career development for their high school students. On the other hand here in the country, counselors were just starting off making career programs, not to mention that most schools in the Phi lippines only have career talks. It is not that I am being judgmental when it comes to counseling programs in the country. It so happened that I realized how behind the Philippine schools when it comes to these programs.In fairness with some schools, they have a good guidance program particularly when it comes to placements. Problem here is that not most schools have a career program, so most students get into a course that they really do not like. An example of this is the boom in the nursing profession in our country. Several years ago, there was a big demand for nurses abroad. Almost every graduating secondary student was talking about it and how easy it will be for them to go to the other country for there is a greener grass there.Almost half of the population of each secondary school took the course. After four years of being in the college and passing the board examinations, their next question is â€Å"What now? † Since most of the students took the same course, the de mand decreased already and most of them ended up being jobless. I always look back on these days and I feel bad every time I think of it. I wished that there is someone who could have guided these people when they were choosing the course.Most of the nursing graduates that I know keep on saying that they regret the course they took and that they could have chosen another one. The Commission on Higher Education should really do something about it. On the lighter side of this issue, it is great news that schools are now starting to develop career guidance programs. These programs are even starting as early as pre-school. The National Career Assessment Examination is a great help in identifying their future career. A follow-up form the counselors is a bigger help in shaping their future goals.

Response to u09d1, u09d2, u09d3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response to u09d1, u09d2, u09d3 - Coursework Example Conversely, Childers underlines the notion of neutrinos as one of the smallest particles in the matter. As of this, I would rather consider this point into my discussion on the red-shifted and blue-shifted zones of the Local Group. Benjamin managed to resolve this very issue in a simple way. He justifies it through the works by Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit (2009) so as to forward his research in a more simplistic manner. To say more, Benjamin Childers sounds quite comprehensive in his debate on the neutrino-related movement of the matter in the universe. The size of the galaxies (their enormous magnitudes) impress out of assumptions by Childers. His post needs continuation, since it has many to talk about the standpoints of moving galaxies and our presence in the solar system as well. Moreover, he is more focused on temperature variations evident in our galaxy as a part of the larger structure of the universe. It is not a conundrum for me and him, as we both provide a number of arguments to make all doubts and misconception render null. In addition, Jack Gilmer’s post on the Big Bang theory complements my discussion on why I see it feasible and valid in understanding of the universe creation. Gilmer is too excited in describing his thoughts on the theoretical approach. In this respect he reminds me myself, as I was always too interested in the creation of the universe and when the starting point was. Jack Gilmer is similar to my discussion in the question of what caused the Big Bang. On the other hand, his inquisitiveness regarding the reason for the Big Bang complies with my discussion. Moreover, his argument is based on the lack of another viable model to understand the reason why our universe was created. He is similar in thought with me as of the scientific point of view and the physical

Contemporary Challenges in IR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Challenges in IR - Essay Example This paper aims to discuss the current security problems confronted by United States on border security management, the factors and experiences that challenge deployed security workforces; and the imperative of stringent enforcement of security rules to strategically manage its internal and external safekeeping. Experts in national security management point out that these kinds of risks has a possibility that (a) threats will be realized and that (b) the consequence of the threat will have its impact (Ibrahim, 2005, pp.163-187). Estimating the possibility and evaluating its consequences are very challenging and difficult task in borders security management with diverse and complex situations. Â  Those suspected terrorists and criminals that may blend with the migrants can also strategize to pass through the borders defences (Basuchoudhary & Razzolini, 2005, p 1). Experiences in advanced countries showed that millions of cargo containers and hundreds of millions of lawful migrants and tourists visit their country each year. Some carry illegal cargoes and others are illegal migrants. Others are engaged in the risk of illegal armaments smuggling (Maril, 2011, p.10). Hence, seizure and arrest of persons could happen especially if illegal drugs and contraband are transported. Other cases include human trafficking for slavery and prostitution. Others are caught in a warzone or conflicts that are in need of a neutral state for an asylum. The variety of these cases have reached an alarming and substantial statistics in the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS’s), if we would deal on the complex border security issues of the United States of America (USA). It has become the interest of the US to prevent illegal migration of people and goods via seas, land and on air while at the same time work to ensure security and resilience in the global movement. Combined custom and securities become also concern in weakening and dismantling transnational

Human sexuality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human sexuality - Term Paper Example The results showed that higher self-reported stress in life were associated with low levels of sexual activity and satisfaction and also a decrease in relationship satisfaction (Wright, 2000). According to the study, hypoactive sexual desire in many couples has been seen as only a problem in old couples but also it has been seen in young and middle-aged couples. Sexual difficulties especially low libido has been a susceptible indicator for low relationship satisfaction and other marital problems. Tension created by relationships can be evident earlier than negative ratings of the relationship(Bodenmann, 2013). Theorists and sexual therapists has assumed that stressors may be important factors that involves in decreasing sexual activity in couples and therefore lowering sexual satisfaction. Other studies show that substantial and persistent sexual disorders especially those associated with low sexual desires are linked to major stressors. The study showed that less knowledge is available on the impact of daily hassles that usually originates from outside close relationships on sexual behavior and satisfaction. Human disorders related to sex was also found to be a greater c hallenge on sexual behavior. Sexual desire disorders such as sexual arousal disorder e.g. erectile disorders in men and orgasmic disorder in females were noted to be a significant incremental effect of self-reported stress on sexual problems. Low sexual desires among the many people were also as a result of exhaustion and tiredness. Arguments among the married were also recorded as other causes of low desires in sex (Bodenmann, 2013). The following valuables (stress, sexual activity, sexual satisfaction, and sexual fulfillment as well as individual dyadic coping behaviors) were also assessed and evaluated on weekly basis on diaries and the participant asked to complete diaries on their self- related stress on basis of sexual satisfaction. And it was found that stress

Hong Kong Law of Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hong Kong Law of Tort - Essay Example The mother, after witnessing the series of events, called her husband Ben, the stepfather of Elizabeth who came one hour after. He collapsed after seeing the bandages on Elizabeth. John, brother of Elizabeth after being notified, came one day after incident. All three persons, Lucy, Ben and John, suffered from shock after the incident. The idea of negligence is a product of hundred of years of law making. Until the present, the idea of negligence is still very much open to interpretations by the court. Although there have several attempts in the past to come up with criteria for negligence, the‘ categories of negligence are never closed.’1 Although the courts wanted a rule by which to judge conduct, they wanted the rule to be flexible enough so that the rule could be applied in various circumstances. Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson, the courts were initially quite reluctant to apply it as a criterion of general application in every case of negligence. Instead, they ad opted a case by case approach, thus restricting the imposition of liability to only few situations of negligence. 2 Negligence is generally defined as the failure to use ordinary care. A person fails to use ordinary care if he/she does something that a person of ordinary prudence would not have done under the same or similar circumstances. Failure to use ordinary care can also occur by omission, or failing to do something which a person of ordinary prudence would have done under the same or similar circumstances. Negligence, then, is a judgment of both acts and omissions.

Wireless technology security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wireless technology security - Research Paper Example It facilitates easy movement and the extension of common applications to several areas of a building, town or the world minus costly cable installations. Their implementation and administration is based on radio communication, which occurs at the physical layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) type of network structure (Rappaport, 2002). This paper will discuss various wireless network types and security protocols. Although with several variations, basically, there are three main types of wireless networks namely, Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) (Pahlavan & Levesque, 1995). Since setting up a wireless network must include means that ensure only authorized users can access and use it, the paper will also look at the security risks government and businesses run by using wireless networks with their associated security measures. WPAN These are low range networks used for linking devices that are ge nerally within a person’s reach in relatively small areas. As cable replacement for peripheral devices, WPANs are commonly used in interconnection of printers, personal assistants, headsets and scanners in the absence of hard wired connections (Pahlavan & Krishnamurthy, 2009). The key technologies in WPAN are Bluetooth and infrared. Bluetooth connectivity can have a 10 Mbps throughput in a range of up to 100 meters without using an amplifier. With the integration of WiFi in some electronic consumer devices and the highly efficient power consumption of Bluetooth technology, the popularity of WPAN is growing (Pahlavan & Krishnamurthy, 2009). Infrared technology can establish wireless connections speeds of a few Mbps over several meters. WLAN A WLAN connects devices over short distances such as in a library, coffee shop, and university campus or aboard an airplane or train, and eventually provides connection to the broader internet via an access point (Geier, 2002). Within the W LAN, all components connecting to a wireless medium are known as stations and are equipped with interface controllers. The stations are broadly categorized into two; clients and access points (APs). Wireless clients are made up of mobile devices like IP phones, personal digital assistants and laptops. They also include fixed devices like workstations and desktop computers fitted with interfaces for the wireless network. On the other hand, APs serve as the wireless network’s base stations and are normally routers. In their function, they receive and transmit radio frequencies from and to the wireless enabled devices, enabling them to communicate with each other. Within a WLAN, users who do not need internet access may create a temporary network among themselves without using the access points. Making use of spread spectrum technology, a WLAN lets users stay connected to the network even when they move around, so long as they are still within the local area of coverage (Geier, 2002). For networks or computers placed in two relatively distant points, the fixed wireless technology makes use of point to point links over a dedicated microwave connection in a line of sight path. An example of such fixed wireless technology occurs in the linking of networks located in several buildings across a city. WLANs offer benefits like reduced ownership costs (except the high initial acquisition cost), quick installation, scalability and flexibility. Its growth is aided by popularity and affordability of laptops and other handheld devices. With public APs, passwords or registrations are not often required to link to the network. WWAN Typically, WWANs offer coverage over wide areas like between bordering cities, towns or neighborhoods. They connect an organization’

International Business Environment in terms of Globalisation Essay

International Business Environment in terms of Globalisation - Essay Example Globalisation also made labour globally mobile, because the new environment greatly assisted nations to do business jointly with overseas countries and hire skilled foreign workers (Jaumotte & Tytell, n.d.). It is obvious that cultural aspects and consumer behaviour vary from country to country and hence organisations face numerous cultural barriers while operating in a foreign country. Studies show that cultural aspects can have a great influence on an individual’s physical and psychological levels of personality, which plays a notable role in developing an organisation’s worksite culture. As Siadat et al (2012) argue, cultural integrity is necessary for an organisation to improve its productivity because a culturally diverse worksite would not promote worksite coordination. In addition, the issue of general acceptability of other cultures may come into play in a culturally diverse worksite. Under such circumstances, there will be conflict among workers and it will adv ersely affect the efficiency of the worksite environment as a whole. Under a culturally diverse worksite, employees may react differently to different events and therefore it would be difficult for the management to frame a common operational policy for such a workplace. Likewise, consumer behaviour is greatly related to culture; therefore, an international company cannot effectively influence consumer behaviour if it practices same marketing and business strategies in all countries (Univrsity of Minho 2004). In other words, an organisation would not succeed in a foreign country unless the organisation accurately understands the country’s cultural and social norms. In short, cultural multiplicity is turning out to be a growth impediment to multinational organisations as they are forced to spend more on cultural diversity management. Each organisation has a unique culture and this element is of considerable importance in determining the organisation’s market position. L owe (2012) points out that the concept of organisational culture is of a great value as it directly impacts an organisation’s unity, loyalty, competition, direction, and identity. While evaluating the impact of culture on western countries and china, it seems that both these regions have totally different views on culture. In case of western countries, they have a more socially developed or liberalised culture whereas China still follows traditional cultural views and norms in terms of business structure and operations. Therefore, impact of culture is more evident in China as compared to western countries. To illustrate, the Chinese culture has notable impact on product design, supply chain activities, and marketing campaigns. This paper will discuss various cultural difficulties likely to be encountered when a multinational company from a western economy contemplates a joint venture with a foreign partner in China. Importance of national cultures The Western society, especia lly Europe and the US, is an agglomeration of different cultures mainly because these countries constitute the ultimate destination for job migrants. Hence, a unique culture is not visible in the Western world. Cultures of the majority of the Western counties have been

Information Technology and Change Management Research Paper

Information Technology and Change Management - Research Paper Example As the report declares people are habitual creatures, they like designs, patterns and repetition. If there is sudden change in their expected pattern (habit) the brain goes into a puzzled mode and starts figuring it out, which is laborious. IT changes represent a change in the patterns and designs, a different path from what people normally use for their everyday tasks. And the biggest ‘problem’ with IT processes is that they keep on changing. So people need to keep up to date with that data base. According to paper findings John Kotter is a leadership and change management guru. He is a professor at Harvard Business School and is an expert on change management. Before diving into Kotter’s theory about change management theory, it would be wise to separate two types of changes that the corporates face; Change management and change leadership. These two terms are not interchangeable. In this paper, the focus is on change management but here is a brief account of why it’s wise not to mingle it with change leadership. Change leadership deals with driving forces, processes and visions that propel large scale transformations while change management refers to the tools and processes that are used to keep the change under control. The goal here is to diminish the impact of the change. Kotter’s change management theory is governed by certain factors that define the impact of the change. No matter what the type of the organization, a change in management needs to b e contained.

CRIMINAL LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

CRIMINAL LAW - Essay Example Thus in the current scenario unless a case beyond reasonable doubt is made Susan would be considered as innocent. As far as the burden of proof is concerned, such burden lies on the prosecution who in turn has to prove beyond all reasonable doubt including but not limited to satisfaction of the jury of the guilt of the defendant. (Woolmington v. DPP)1 The main elements that required to be proved in criminal law or be specific a criminal offence are actus reus (the action of the accused), mens rea (the requisite intention for the commission of the offence) and the absence of any defence or if any defence is raised it is negated to the satisfaction of the court. (Lord Diplock in R v Miller)2 Another element that needs to be taken into account is that the actus reus and mens rea of the criminal offence that was committed need to coincide, however it is pertinent to mention that such requirement has been interpreted broadly by the courts. (Fagan v. Commissioner of Police3). The actus reu s of an offence is generally satisfied when a positive act is committed. It has often been required that that has been committed must be voluntary, this can be seen from what Lord Denning said that ‘No act is punishable if it is done involuntarily, and an involuntary act in this context...means an act which is done by the muscles without any control by the mind such as spasm, a reflex action or a convulsion; or an act done by a person who is not conscious of what he is doing such as an act done whilst suffering from concussion or whilst sleepwalking...’ (Bratty v Attorney General for Northern Ireland)4 . Thus the act of the defendant must therefore be voluntary and a wilful movement of body. The next element is mens rea which is concerned with the state of mind of the defendant. There had been cases which were decided upon by the courts in which the criteria were set up whereby the mens rea for a criminal act would be established. The cases that were decided upon took i nto account intention, subjective recklessness, objective recklessness, lacuna etc. Mens cannot be said to be wickedness by way of any moral or general sense (Dodman)5 . Furthermore even if it is proved to the court that the motive behind the criminal act was good, it cannot be relied upon as a defence (Chiu-Chang v. R)6 . In respect of mens rea the current situation is that of Woollin7 and R v. G. And this has been reached after considerable refining of the original test for intention. Thus the test for direct intent is the that the defendant had intended a result by committing the particular act; and for oblique intent is that the result may have been that the result was a virtually certain consequence of the act. The actus reus of mens rea was provided by Sir Edward Coke in the seventeenth century whereby he stated that the act is committed if the defendant ‘unlawfully killeth any reasonable creature in rerum natura under the Queen’s peace’. The definition of unlawfully does not include the killing of for example the use of reasonable force for self defence (Re a (Children)8. Clearly it can be seen that due to the car of Susan going straight into the pedestrian would be considered to be an act is unlawful. As far as killeth is concerned that refers to the requirement that the acts of the defendant can be attributed to be a legal cause of death. Clearly

The Dream Giver by Bruce Wilkinson Essay Example for Free

The Dream Giver by Bruce Wilkinson Essay 1) What is my opinion about the statement, â€Å"What you are missing you already have†? I totally agree with it, since I have seen it play out in my life. I grew up in a household of lack thinkers. It was common to hear things like; â€Å"It’s always something,† â€Å"People like us can’t just can’t get ahead,† â€Å"With my luck†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Therefore, most of my adult life I spent chasing something that I thought I wanted. The perfect job, car, situation always seemed to be just out of grasp. I paid for a New age type conference in Scottsdale Arizona. I signed up for a Psychic ability workshop. I came away with a different understanding. What happened was I got seated next to some total strangers. As polite conversations took place, some ah-ha moments happened. I revealed that I do Healing Touch. With that modality, I can attune to a patient’s energy fields. As I described my abilities, strengths and talents, a small group of onlookers appeared. Many made comments like, â€Å"I wish I could do that,† and â€Å"You are amazing†. I also witnessed someone who passed out after a seminar. I responded, and was able to talk to the person who was lying on the floor waiting for EMS. A small group of hotel staff and well-meaning strangers appeared. A physician was there too. However, the doctor was trying to ask the fallen patient many questions about her health history. In fact, the doctor was literally asking the patient a question while she was throwing up. I could not believe it!. As the scene unfolded, I realized that all of my feelings of inadequacy, and thoughts of being an imposter were invalidated right then there. A light bulb went off over my head as I realized that I can be of service. I will know what to do in times of crisis. Furthermore, my emotional sensitivity is actually a blessing in dealing with patients when know one else (even those who are professional caregivers and extremely intelligent) is actually listening to the patient. I have seen many example of my gifts and talents arise when I least expect it. I can fulfill a role and serve a niche. The important part to note is that I need to follow my intuition and not over-think things. All of the gifts, skills and talent have been with me all along. My searching for something I already have seemed ridiculous to me once I realized that is what I’ve been doing most of my life. Now I embrace my abilities. Where is this true in my life? This concept appears when I undertake something new, like a class. Particularly this coaching course. Many time I felt like an imposter, and inadequate. However, as the classes came went, I realized that the skills I have fit in perfectly for becoming a coach. Especially when I pay attention to spirit and energy when I coach. It seems to be a golden opportunity for me to utilize all of my previous academic, work and personal life experiences to be an effective Health Wellness Coach. 2) What do I believe about the statement, â€Å"Everyone has a big dream†? I believe that the statement is true. In fact, I hear snippets of conversations everyday that elude to the dissatisfaction most people seem to have when they talk about their jobs, family life or education. Many people wish they were doing something else. I meet very few people that are doing what they absolutely love. However, most seem to settle for the mundane, safe and secure. What is my big dream? I want to be a successful Healer, Teacher, Speaker, Coach and Author. How am I fulfilling on my dream? I am a practicing Healer by providing Healing Touch to patients at Hudson, WI Hospital. I recently taught 2 classes (Winter Quarter) at the Minnesota School of Business. I also had an article â€Å"Healing Touch† published in Twin Cities Naturally April 2009. Therefore, I am living small aspects of my dream. I hope to make more money at it and be in demand more once I fulfill the Life Coach Practitioner requirements. Then I will feel legitimate and be ready! 3) What was the invisible wall of fear for Ordinary? It was the part of the journey, whereby Ordinary in order to continue, he must turn on back on familiar. This requires breaking through the comfort zone. When have I hit my wall of fear? I was in the Graduate Education program (Ed.D.) at Hamline University in 2001-2003. I felt like an imposter. Especially since my fellow classmates were all elementary school classroom teachers. I could not identify with their mind-set, jargon or profession. Therefore, I created obstacles for myself. What happened? I eventually withdrew from the Ed.D. program. I felt an overwhelming sense of inadequacy and failure. I still do not talk about it much. However, I’ve come to realize that everything happens for a reason and I am better off now for having the experience. 4) When have I been stopped from moving forward by something that was really important to you? My plans for moving forward have been put on hold, by may father’s diagnosis with a chronic health condition. Since he was diagnosed in June of 2007, I have not taken any trips, attended any conferences or explored long-term options on anything. It turns out that my relationship with my Father is very important to me. Furthermore, the role of caregiver, and planner is one that feels good to me. For most of my life, he has provided a stable environment t for me my brother. Now I am privileged to help him. Who rose to the occasion? Who is my Champion (s)? I have many people who support me and champion my activities. Many cousins, uncles, aunts, previous co-workers and classmates. Particularly the Healers in the group. Many people support me. To my surprise, many support my living at home and taking care of Dad. I never have to explain, why I am still living at home with my dad. In fact most admire respect me for this. When people see me, they often ask how my dad is? Similar to when people ask how a spouse is doing etc. For sake of privacy, respect and personal reasons, I am declining to actually name the champions in my life. 5) How similar is Champion’s commitment to being a Border Buster that to being a Coach? Champion wants to help Ordinary break through the opposition. Champion does not want to do it for him, nor instead of him. Therefore, Champion is like a coach due to that philosophy. Coaches help empower the client to come to their own decisions. Coaches do not make decisions for their clients, nor fix them. This is done by helping the client understand a situation. Putting things into context, and broadening awareness. The coach can help their client understand the value in things that may seem undesirable. Turning opposition into opportunity. This helps a client clarify their plans and achieving their dream. 6) What role did Faith play throughout the story? Faith gives Ordinary strength. Faith helps set the path, and reminds Ordinary what is truly important. Faith reminded him that, â€Å"Food enough for the day. Water, when he needed to drink. A path to follow that led to Faith.† The role of Faith also allows the traveler to leave behind baggage of the past. It is no longer needed, no longer serves, and is a hindrance now. What role is Faith playing a role in my big dream? Faith is reminding me to allow things to happen, and give up trying to make things happen. The right person, situation or job will find me when I’m prepared. Things will fall into place in their own time. It is allowing me permission to control the things I can, and accept those that I cannot. It gives me hope that everything is how it is supposed to be. 7) What is meant by unbelief is more dangerous, to a dream, than any giant? Unbelief means taking a risk. If Ordinary turned into unbelief, then the big dream was dead in its tracks. Unbelievers return to the comfort zone and may forfeit any change to strive for their big dream in the future. When has unbelief undermined my dream? I stopped perusing any Ph.D. programs. The disbelief that I could make it through the rigors of taking the GRE, getting accepted and subsequently writing a Ph.D. Thesis research project has stopped me from going any further with it. Therefore, I have settled for teaching undergraduate level college students at second-rate colleges. 8) What truths did Ordinary learn? Everybody has a big dream, it is important and its never too late to pursue it. A big dream never dies. Every Nobody was made to be a Somebody. Wake up to the big dream that God has given you and set out on a journey to achieve it. Face fear as you leave the comfort zone. You will encounter opposition all around. This opposition can actually be opportunity to learn from it. Enduring a season of difficulty will test your faith. The concept of surrender is important to feel one with God. Fight the giants. You can reach your full potential as you achieve your dreams and brings honor to God. When and how have I learned the same truths? I have learned the power of surrender by giving up the hope of finding a job whereby I actually go into work for a company. Any attempts to apply for jobs has proved frustrating. When I gave up the need to plan, I received a call regarding grant money for school, and was offered a temporary teaching job (from an unrelated organization) ten minutes later. Therefore, I was reminded to trust in the ways of God, and stop trying to think my way out of my problems. The struggling to find a job, brought me to the Workforce Center. There I met some individuals that had information. This information led me to a new journey of self discovery and enlightenment. 9) What happened that Ordinary didn’t recognize the big dream when it was right in front of him? The lovely city he had imagined was not his Dream, but a picture of what his Dream would accomplish. The big Dream matches the big Needs of so many people. Therefore, Ordinary’s Big Dream fulfills many people’s needs. He was caught up in the pursuit, that he did not recognize it playing out right in front of him. The busyness of doing helps fulfill the action of carrying out the Big Dream. 10) What was ordinary’s song? It is a song about a special place that everybody has in the Dream Giver’s heart†¦Every Anybody is made to be Somebody Special and accomplish Great Things. What is my song? My song is one of Healing and Helping. My song includes taking my previous work, life, and learning experiences combining them with healing abilities to help those in divine alignment to heal. My song is important for others to learn because†¦ I have learned some valuable lessons by experiencing thing the hard way. I have also changed my views of the world, and am now more in tune to energy. I am a Healer, and apply my ability to help humans and animals in the physical, emotional and spiritual dimensions. My Healing abilities have come about by a series of initiations that have each brought me greater understanding (wisdom) and healing power. I can teach, heal and show others the path to their Big Dream. I am an amalgam of the past, present and future. I meld the feminine and masculine. I embrace the inter-connectedness of all beings. Energy cannot be destroyed, it can only change form. I am sensitive and perceive other’s energy auras. I pay attention to these highly tuned senses in order to help those who come to me for coaching. There is perfection in the divine coincidence which brings me as a Coach and my future Client together to walk through the valley of Transition.

Marketing of Barcelonas Tourism Industry

Marketing of Barcelonas Tourism Industry

How does Smoking effect human lungs, causes cancer and even death

How does Smoking effect human lungs, causes cancer and even death Scientific Research Skills Assignments How does Smoking effect human lungs, causes cancer and even death? Literature Review Smoking stands for intake of tobacco or other related substances either for leisure or in severe cases as an addiction. Smoking is behavior which is reprimandable and highly non acceptable because it not only bring harms to the one who inhales it but to the one who live around him or her including the environment. Addressing the topic of smoking and spreading its proper awareness is very important. This report illustrate dangers of smoking and its effects on one’s mental, physical and psychological wellbeing. Additionally this report will deal with effect of smoking on demographic variation, socio-economic determinants and cognitive factors which are involved in smoking and related behaviors and their impact Approximate age at which people start smoking is 15 in almost each country. Smoking which might start as a fun activity with friends becomes addiction if prolonged. Young people in their early teenage are the biggest victims of smoking and they become regular smoker till their early twenties. Excessive and addictive smoking from such early age increase the danger of early death and other highly risk full diseases. It becomes clear then that adolescents and young adults are the sole and important target of this evil hence they must be given proper awareness to be protect and prevent them to step toward this self-destruction. Doctors can be one important mean of communicating this danger to the target group of this evil but first of all peer can effect each other a lot. Young adults and teenagers take up smoking because of their social relationships and their psychological states, it is important to understand each individual and why they took up smoking. Sometimes young people think t hemselves of no worth or useless so they take up this down trodden road and sometimes conflicts at home or at school and college may lead to such dangerous situations. Relationships at house can also be the trigger as well as bullying. Many people are not aware or not properly aware with the working of nicotine and addictive nature of smoking. Family, peers, doctors, family physicians can play a central influential role of informing the smokers about the hazards of smoking and where it might lead them. Sometimes family is ignorant and does not care what one is doing out of home so in such cases parents and family need counseling as well to be cautious and careful about the habits and activities if their family members. Smoking cigarette causes many diseases and initial ones can be cough and phlegm production leading to severe respiratory illness (Morris. C, 1990). Inhale the smoke, take them as vaporizer or brew them into tea; tobacco, marijuana, hashish once into the body will affect every organ of the body, brain, nervous system and the central immunity system. Smoker feels instant changes and reactions in the body which stops after 2 to 3 hours. It effects heart, results in low blood pressure and also the blood sugar level is affected (Ratini, MDweb Medical Reference, 2014). Excessive smoking can cause cancers and other dangerous diseases. It starts by irritation and coughing and leads to lung cancer and in severe cases ends at death (Ratini, MDweb Medical Reference, 2014). Tobacco and tobacco products are responsible for approximately 3 million deaths across the world that makes it 6% of all deaths. It is believed that deaths by tobacco and tobacco products are going to increase more than 10% by a decade and will exceed 20% in developing countries (WHO, 2011). There is no second thought to the fact that smoking effects lungs primarily either one is a long term smoker or smoked for few times. Level of lung functioning is too low in people with the habit of smoking as compared to people who do not smoke and this functioning keep on decreasing with the ongoing habit of smoking. Smoking effects lungs and its working but symptoms may appear later and when the diseases is recognized, it is usually too late to be cured. Smoking not only causes cancer but other lung related chronic diseases as well (Spitzer, 2001). Tobacco smoke has several different harmful particles and chemicals that causes irritation and inflammation in the respiratory tracts and lungs. When such potentially harmful substances are inhaled by a smoker, body reacts to them and releases mucus and coughing to clear them. Very smoker suffer from a morning attack of severe coughing which happens from several reasons. Human lungs contain tiny hair like extension called cilia which push and clean the potentially injurious material out of lungs but the tobacco smoking interferes with the working of cilia and effecting their sweeping action of harmful substances so consequentially much of the harmful substances stay in the lungs causing mucus discharge and inflammation of the respiratory tracts as well. So when smokers are sleeping or they aren’t smoking, cilia continues with their normal function of cleaning the harmful substances out of lungs and when smoker wake up, lungs are busy in trying to remove the particles and mucus built up a day before (questions about smoking and health, 2014) . Working of cilia stops after prolonged exposition to smoke hence lung is unable to sweep out the harmful substances and become vulnerable to many infections and irritation causing mucus and cough. This smoker cough is the early precursor to further chronic disease like COPD, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer and others. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is lung disease which results from long term smoking and includes symptoms and effects of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. According to a research nearly 12 million people in United States of America suffer with this illness and another 12 million suffer with the disease but are unaware of its early symptoms and signs. And the rate of people suffering with COPD is increasing day by day that it has become the third major reason of death in the United States. It has also been noted that women suffer from COPD more acutely then men. Major reason behind suffering from COPD is smoking, almost 80-90% of COPD deaths results from smoking. There is no cure for COPD and its effects depends on how long and heavily the patient been smoking. Early symptoms and signs of the disease go unnoticed in early smoker, but the time it is diagnosed it has done its work. Early symptoms of the illness may include different noises like rattling and whistling in the chest, shortage of breath during some activities, heavy coughing along mucus (phlegm) discharge. With the time as the disease grows it make hard and impossible for one to breathe. It restricts one’s activities because of shortness of breath and results in grave health issues. Chronic stage of COPD cause patients to gasp for the breath (American Cancer Institute, 2014). Chronic Bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is another form of COPD, an illness which causes respiratory tracts to discharge heavy mucus, thus resulting in choking and shortness of breath and makes the patient to cough out all the mucus. Bronchitis is a common disease for smokers, so smokers must be ready to face the flaks of their unhealthy habit. Constant mucus discharge results in inflamed and swollen wind pipe and produces long lasting chronic cough. With the help of medication, symptoms can be cured but cough never go away and mucus inflammation can result in bad respiratory infections as well like pneumonia. There is no treatment for chronic bronchitis but stopping smoking can do little help and can control the inflammation and cough and with the time it may get better as well but if one doesn’t leave smoking then the illness keep on growing (American Cancer Institute, 2014). Emphysema Emphysema another form of COPD results from excessive smoking which gradually hampers one’s ability to breathe. There are tiny sacks in our lungs which provide surface area to oxygen in lungs to get mixed with the blood. But in emphysema these small sacks rupture and results in few large sacs which narrows the surface area and allow less oxygen to enter blood and sometime very less oxygen mix up with blood. With the passage of time disease get severe, very little oxygen reach up to blood and person had to do lot of efforts to breathe. It not only hampers one’s daily activities but make one gasp for breath even at rest. Symptoms of emphysema includes constant and heavy cough which never go away (Smoker’s cough), shortage of breath even when one is not working, dizziness, decrease in weight and general body fatigue. People suffering from emphysema may suffer from other health issues specifically related to lungs and can cause poor lung functioning, lung infections like pneumonia, shortage of breath to an extent that an individual has to rely on oxygen tube. There is no cure of treatment of this illness but the only possible solution is to quit smoking so the symptoms lessen down with the passage of time but if one doesn’t quit smoking it may lead to cancer and death as well (American Cancer Institute, 2014). Resources: Morris and Koyama, 1990 Joel Spitzer, 2001 American Cancer Institute, 2014 World Health Organization, 2011 Two research topics can be developed from this literature Smoking is one of the leading causes of death in United states; Smoking causes lung disorders even cancer as well. 5. It is very much evident from above mentioned researches and studies that smoking have an injurious and direct effect on one’s health specifically on lungs and may lead to cancer and death as well. It is very important to study the effects of smoking, smoking behaviors and its resulting health effects because smoking is one of the greatest causes behind lung cancers and deaths across the globe. This matter should be dealt seriously and immediate attention should be paid. 6. In the above mentioned research topic â€Å"Effects of smoking on lungs leading to cancer and death† smoking is the independent variable in this proposed topic of research as it bring changes but remain unaffected itself. Lungs, cancer and death are the three dependent variables as the amount of change and effect they will bear depends on the smoking. Smoking: Independent variable of the research, effects health, lungs, cause cancer and death; Lungs: dependent variable, effects by the independent variable smoking; Cancer: a major effect of smoking independent variable, is a dependent variable Death: a dependent variable, independent variable smoking leads to death. 7. â€Å"Effects of smoking on lungs causing cancer and death† 8. Where smoking is independent variable while effects on lungs, cancer and death are dependent variable. 9. Hypothesis: Smoking effects lungs and causes cancer and even lead toward death. Questions: 1. does smoking effects lungs functioning? 2. Does smoking cause cancer? 3. Does smoking lead to death? Statement: Effects of smoking on lungs, causing cancer and death. 10. Questions are the best choice for the detailed study and analysis of the subject matter. 11. Questions are best suitable for this research because smoking has different forms like mild, chronic and chain smoking which have different effects on lungs, causing cancer and leading toward death. Each questions will lead to detailed answer and explanation of how and why smoking effects lungs, causes cancer and death. If hypothesis is considered as objective then it might fail to highlight the different effects of smoking on lungs, smoking causing cancer and smoking leading to death individually, and it would rather warp up the discussion generally. So questions are the most suitable mode of inquiry for this research as each effect of smoking will be answer and laid out separately. 12. Conceptual definition: conceptual definition is the clear statement or description of something or how something works. It is used to define a term clearly, concisely and precisely. For example â€Å"Anxiety†, a conceptual definition of anxiety is unpleasant feeling effecting one’s working in few specific situations but sometimes motivate positive behaviors as well Operational Definition: Operational definition stand for defining something under different parameters, measurements and situations in order to validate it. Operational definitions can be very simple to very complex ones depending on the variables being used. An operational definition of anxiety can be that anxiety is just not a feeling but a physiological reaction of body resulting in increased heartbeat, muscle tension, sweating etc. 13. Conceptual definition. Smoking: an act of inhaling of tobacco or other related smoking products and exhale of smoke and other harmful gases. Lungs: A pair of organ found in almost all the living organism specifically in vertebrates, involved in inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. Lungs provide oxygen to whole body. Cancer: A harmful disease resulting from uncontrollable cell growth and have several different form depending on the area of body. Death: a state where an organism is not alive, breathing or sensing the environment. Death is also called expiry. 14. Operational definitions: Smoking: intake of tobacco and other harmful substances like nicotine etc. into lungs and outtake of harmful gases like carbon di oxide. Smoking causes social and physical illness Lungs: a pair of respiratory organs in humans involved in the oxygenation of the body. Lung are effected by the type of air inhaled, if smoke is inhaled it will have different effects on lungs then clean fresh air. Cancer: a specific form of cancer caused by poor functioning of lungs, inflammation of respiratory tracts, rupturing of air sacs, chronic cough and mucus discharge, difficulty or unable to breathe and physical deterioration of the lungs as well. Death: end of life resulting when lungs stops functioning and body is unable to get oxygen. 15. Level of measurement means classifying variables to develop a scale. Nominal scale will be used to find out the percentage and tendency of lung disorders, cancer and death resulting from smoking. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize the data collected from the sample. 16. Data collection method depends on the type of variables and the relationship between them and is a systematic process to validate the hypothesis or answer the questions. There are three data collection methods, surveys, focus groups and interviews. It is the data collection which determine the authenticity of the research. Data collection instruments stands for the process data will be collected. Survey will be the instrument precisely data collection instrument to collect data from the population to find out the answers to questions. 17. A reliable and valid research instrument always give constant and accurate results whenever tested and studied. Reliability and validity of the questions will be done by a pilot study and by experts’ advice so to make sure questions are understandable and consistent. 18. Population of study is divided into two categories depending on the instrument of data collection. Individuals from rehabilitation centers will be the main population along the cancer patients in the hospitals as well. Apart from that interviews will be conducted with the physicians of patients suffering from lung cancer. 19. Simple random sampling technique will be used as it is the most convenient process to collect data. Researcher will visit the rehabilitation center and hospital and focus on the individuals with smoking related issues. 20. Research design refers to the overall planning and strategy to carry out research by linking and integrating all the components of research to find out solution to the research problem. This study is a descriptive study to find out relationship between variables by using research questions. Descriptive study attempts to define the link between various variables and will answer all the questions descriptively. 21. This study is both qualitative and quantitative. Research questions will be analyzed quantitatively to generate statistical data while interviews will be analyzed qualitatively. References: Morris. C, K. (1990). A manual on tobacco and young people for the industrialized world. http://books.google.com.pk/books/about/A_Manual_on_Tobacco_and_Young_People_for.html?id=53geAQAACAAJredir_esc=y (2014). questions about smoking and health. American Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/questionsaboutsmokingtobaccoandhealth/questions-about-smoking-tobacco-and-health-how-tobacco-affects-lungs Ratini, M. (2014). MDweb Medical Reference. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/marijuana-use-and-its-effects?page=2 Spitzer, J. (2001). neer take another puff. Retrived from http://whyquit.com/joel/Joel_02_17_smoke_in_lung.html Tobacco, smoking and cancer: the evidence. September, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/healthyliving/smoking-and-cancer/stats-evidence/tobacco-smoking-and-cancer-the-evidence

An Inspector Calls By J.B Priestley :: English Literature:

An Inspector Calls By J.B Priestley An Inspector calls beings with the Birling family celebrating Shelia's engagement to Gerald Croft, Mr Birlings friends son. In the beginning of the play the light is 'pink and intimate' until the unexpected arrival of the Inspector we find the light change symbolises start of an investigation put under the spotlight, being brought out of their own world into reality. The inspectors arrival is unexpected to the family 'some trouble about a warrant' Mr Birlings first thought to what the arrival of the inspector might be and shrugs it as if their could be no greater concern. The inspector explains his reason of why he is here. The inspector starts to question Mr Birling the head of the family. The inspector asks how Eva Smith was apart of Mr Birlings work. Mr Birling explains his involvement with Eva Smith of how she worked for him and asked for a pay rise and was fired from her job by Mr Birling. After the questioning of Mr Birling the inspector questions Shelia who is shown to an innocent girl, we out find after the questioning that it was Shelia who had Eva Smith fired from her second job because of her jealousy over Eva Smith. After revealing her involvement she starts to blame herself. But the inspector tells her that it wasn't her who made her commit suicide. At the end of act one we find Gerald in a sign of recognition when he hears the name Daisy Renton (Eva Smith's second name when she changed it to find herself a second job). Before the closing of the first act we see Shelia question Gerald where had he known Eva Smith. Gerald explains that he had known her from last summer. We see the irony when Shelia says 'I don't believe I will. (Half playful, half serious, to Gerald.) So you be careful.' She laughs at the fact that the 'important work' Gerald was at last summer was probably knows that Gerald was having an affair. After act one we find the irony of what was said by Gerald 'You seem to be a nice well-behaved family-' and Mr Birlings reply 'Well we think we are'. The exit of Eric shows us that there is more to Eric's involvement than the others which is hidden in Act one until the end because of his drunkenness the inspector leaves him last to be questioned. At the end of act one the audience is left at suspense when Gerald is approached by the inspector we find a great intensity

Establishing a Therapeutic Alliance Essay -- Health Care, Treatment

Research has shown that a strong therapeutic alliance is necessary for establishing a beneficial contact between the therapist and the client. If the therapist does not encourage the creation of a reliable therapeutic alliance from the beginning of the treatment, it will be hard to develop a constructive relationship with the client later. Establishing the therapeutic alliance will increase the chances of achieving the goal of the treatment because the clients will be willing to cooperate if they trust and respect the therapist. Clients are not likely to cooperate with therapists who impose their authority aggressively. Instead of imposing their authority on the patient, therapists should develop work with their patients by building a mutual relationship based on trust, understanding, and respect for the client. According to Jeremy Safran and Christopher Muran (2000), psychiatric research shows that the quality of the therapeutic alliance is the most important factor in determining the therapist's success. â€Å"Some therapists are consistently more helpful than others; differences in therapist ability seem to be more important than therapeutic modality, and the more helpful therapists appear better able to facilitate the development of a therapeutic alliance† (Safran & Muran, 2000). However, the main problem is that it is difficult to teach the skills necessary for the creation of a therapeutic alliance. In fact, psychotherapy research stresses the importance of the development of human qualities in the therapist. According to Safran and Muran (2000), the therapist need to constantly develop themselves and become involved in personal growth through inner work. Without this feature, the therapists will not be able to devel... ...ate with their therapists. â€Å"A systematic relationship between the therapists' personal reactions to the patient and the quality of their communication, diagnostic impressions, and treatment plans† (Horvath & Greenberg, ). While positive attitudes from the therapists are more likely to result in a successful treatment, negative attitudes will not develop the necessary cooperation from the clients side to successfully reach the goal of the therapy. Regardless of the treatment method, the findings of scientific research stress the importance of a relationship-based treatment which operates on trust and openness. All researchers claim that developing a strong therapeutic alliance in the beginning influences the course of the treatment and its success. The early development of this kind of relationship with the patients will improve the therapists' chances of success.

Cultural Changes: the Effect on Art

Cultural Changes: The Effect on Art You’re an artist during WWI, bombs exploding everywhere, innocent people even children losing their lives, how will you express your intense anger and sadness towards the events that are taking place? The frustration towards war and other social, political or cultural changes can bring about different responses from different people. When it comes to art, art movements are created out of the need for people to communicate their reactions to these changes. Whether they admire them or despise them, their central goal is to show how they feel about them. I’m going to start out with the art movement Dadaism. This movement was roughly between the years of 1916-1924. Some of the major artists were Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, George Grosz, Francis Picabia and Man Ray. The Dadaism movement was a protest against the brutality of the War and the strictness in both art and everyday society (Dadaism, n. d. ). Artists were so fed up with everyday life that they did everything they could to go against the norm when it came to art. Whatever art stood for at the time, Dada represented the complete opposite. If art was intended to have a message, Dada went all out to have no meaning. With the order of the world destroyed by World War I, Dada was a way to express the confusion that was felt by many people as their world was turned upside down† (Dadaism, n. d. ). These artists used any public medium they could find to figuratively spit on nationalism, rationalism, materialism and any other -ism that they felt contributed to a senseless wa r (Esaak, n. d. ). They used this as a way to protest the war and other social injustices. They felt if society was going to handle problems by going to war, they didn’t want anything to do with society or its customs especially when it came to art. Using an early form of Shock Art, the Dadaists thrust mild obscenities, scatological humor, visual puns and everyday objects (renamed as â€Å"art†) into the public eye† (Esaak, n. d. ). One of the artists even painted a mustache on the Mona Lisa and made obscene notes underneath. The community was completely disgusted, which the artists found very encouraging because that was the reaction they were aiming for. Dada was planned to instigate an emotional reaction of shock or anger and once it no longer did, it became useless. My second movement is Futurism. This movement was roughly between the years of 1907-1944. Some of the major artists were Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Kasimir Malevich, and Liubov Popova. â€Å"Futurism was presented as a modernist movement celebrating the technological, future era† (Futurism, n. d. ). These artists wanted to represent art in terms of the technological age. They hated middle class virtues and the ideas of the past. They also wanted to represent art completely different from the sappiness of Romanticism. Futurism glorified war and supported the development of Fascism. It criticized traditional conventionalism, demanded social changes, and pointed out all of the faults of a corrupt government (McLaughlin, n. . ). The Futurist painters used repetition of lines, wide range of angles, brilliant colors, and flowing brush strokes to create a dimension of time and the illusion of movement. (Futurism, n. d. ). Futurists thrived on the imitation of speed, noise, and machines (McLaughlin, n. d. ). It embraced everything that the new world was creating and used new techniques and technology to produce the work. The nature of futurism was intended to instigate public anger and amazement, to stimulate controversy, and to attract widespread attention (Pioch, 2002). My third movement is Fascism and Socialist Realism. This movement was roughly between the years of 1920-1940. The fascist building style conveyed power and control (Order from Stone, n. d. ). This is something that is completely characteristic of Nazi principles. It was also another way for Hitler to show his power to the world. The buildings needed to be impressive and intimidating to express Nazi ideals of order and strength (Order from Stone, n. d. ). Architects used stark facades with columns, pilasters, and clean lines on a massive scale to create a new aesthetic (Order from Stone, n. . ). â€Å"They cultivated an aesthetic of order, using minimal decoration and emphasizing straight lines† (Order from Stone, n. d. ). Symmetry was important to Hitler because this was believed to create the image of order. Hitler wanted the buildings to be resilient and noticeable representations of Nazi ideals. Hitler also worked with architects to create massive assembly halls and grounds where the German people could gather and show their patriotism during speeches and rallies. â€Å"Like all other forms of art during the Nazi regime, architecture was a tool of the state† (Order from Stone, n. . ). This architecture was just another way for the Nazis to control the lives of the German people. Fascism also showed itself in Socialist Realism. Some of the major artists were Semyon Chuikov, Sergei Gerasimov, Arkady Plastov, Sergei Merkurov, and Vera Mukhina. Socialist Realism was a type of art in Soviet Russia and other Communist countries that involved an objective reflection of real life to educate and inspire the masses, and an uncritical glorification of the State (Chilvers, 1999). This art movement portrays the working class as being heroic. Socialist Realism paintings were mostly of domestic scenes, portraits, landscapes, farms, and patriotic scenes. As for sculptures, the usual creation was of heroic statues. This art was severely restricted in form and content. It was also seen as a powerful propaganda tool and as long as it followed the guidelines set by the communist party, it was accepted. Finally during the Post War Era we have the Abstract Expressionism movement. This movement was roughly between the years of 1945-1965. Some of the major artists were Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Helen Frankenthaler, Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston and Robert Motherwell. Abstract expressionism was specifically an American post-World War II art movement† (Abstract Expressionism, n. d. ). â€Å"After WWII, with images of the Holocaust everywhere, it seemed redundant for socially-aware artists to paint these same images when a photograph was much more powerful† (Abstract Expressionism, n. d. ). With so much death and d estruction after the war, artists wanted to focus on producing paintings that were more lively, fun, and colorful. Artists began to look at color and shape and were painting whole canvases orange or blue. These works were formed in a particular geographical setting and showed a specific attitude. Artists also paid close attention to the surface quality as well as texture and used large canvases. Abstract Expressionism emphasized the portrayal of emotions rather than objects and most painters favored large canvasses, dramatic colors, and loose brushwork (Art History: Abstract Expressionism, 2009). Artists of this movement wanted to give emphasis to the accident or chance in their paintings, but they mostly planned how they were going to carry it out. Therefore, artists took advantage of any mistakes that occurred during the painting process. Abstract Expressionist paintings consisted of shapes, lines, and forms meant to create a separate reality from the visual world† (Art History: Abstract Expressionism, 2009). Artists saw painting as an expression of emotion and as a way to visually communicate to the public. There are two types of Abstract Expressionism, Action Painting and Color Field Painting. Action painters wanted to show paint texture and the movement of the arti st’s hand. Color Field painters were concerned with color and shape in order to construct peaceful and spiritual paintings without the representation of a theme. The philosophy of Abstract Expressionism searches for answers to the questions of human existence and addresses personal psychological battles, the external struggle between man and nature, and the hunt for spiritual comfort† (Art History: Abstract Expressionism, 2009) In conclusion, we can see that these art movements were created out of the need for people to communicate their reactions to social changes. Whether they admired them or despised them, artists expressed their feelings about them in some way. Dadaism was a protest against the brutality of the War and other social injustices. Their paintings expressed an anti-war and anti-norm attitude. Futurism celebrated technology and thrived on speed, noise, and machines. It despised middle class virtues, ideas of the past, and Romanticism. The fascist building style needed to be impressive and intimidating to express order and strength. It was also a way to have complete control over the German people. Socialist Realism was meant to inspire the masses and glorify the state. During the post war era, abstract expressionism searched for answers to human existence and used a style meant to create a separate reality from the visual world. It wanted to get away from painting the harshness of the war and focused on expressing a more colorful, lively, and fun feeling. All of these movements are similar in that they were a response to the social, political, and cultural changes of the time. In addition, the artists intended to send a message to its viewers. These messages were meant to control the actions of or get a specific reaction from its audience. In some way or another, they all managed to accomplish this. ? Bibliography Abstract expressionism (Late 1940’s – early 1960’s). (n. d. ) Retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://www. untfor. com/arthistory/C20th/absexpress. htm Art history: Abstract expressionism: (1940-1955). (2009, September). Retrieved January 20, 2010 from http://wwar. com/masters/movements/abstract_expressionism. html Chilvers, I. (1999). Socialist realism: A dictionary of twentieth-century art. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1O5-SocialistReali sm. html Dadaism(1916-1924). (n. d. ). Retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://www. huntfor. com/arthistory/C20th/dadaism. htm Esaak, S. (n. d. ). Dada – Art history 101 basics: The non-art movement (1916-23). Retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://arthistory. about. com/cs/arthistory10one/a/dada. htm Futurism (1909-1914). (n. d. ) Retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://www. huntfor. com/arthistory/C20th/futurism. htm McLaughlin, N. (n. d. ). Futurism art. Retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://virtualology. com/hallofartmovements/futurismart. com/ Order from stone: Nazi architecture. (n. d. ) Retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://sitemaker. umich. edu/artunderfascism/architecture Pioch, N. (2002, October). Futurism. Retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://www. ibiblio. org/wm/paint/glo/futurism/

Teacher Interview Report

Actually, this is my second time to do teacher interview. Last time, I went to Shi Pai third-year High School to interview a teacher and asked roughlything rough the class management. From the interview, Ive learned a lot from the teacher and her belief of teaching Chinese. Though to authoritative degree, this time the report is quite kindred to the last report that Ive d single.However, this time, by the demand of teacher Alice and the class objective, my rump interviewee must be an English teacher. At first, I was genuinely nervous about how to find an English teacher in junior or senior high check school because Ive got in bear upon with all my English teachers for several years. it may be very embarrassing to go back and the teacher doesnt recognise that I used to be her student) Fortunately, one of my best friends in my night school class, knowing my worriment, introduced me an English teacher in Shilin High School of Commerce whom she loves and admires very much. Here , I want to say convey to my dear friend. Without her, I really cannot refinement writing this assignment. Below, there are some basic info of the teacher and the questions that Ive prepared for the teacher interview,

Emily Dickinson’s Success is Counted Sweetest Essay

Emily Dickinsons Success is Counted Sweetest has been penned in iambic trimeter with the exception of the first deuce lines of the second stanza. The poem highlights aphoristic truths that argon universal. In the first stanza, Emily Dickinson endeavors to de finely the current essence of triumph. The general impression is that conquest preempt be counted by single those who brook experienced it numerous times. Nevertheless, it is more than precisely evaluated or counted by those who have never succeeded as they can hook its true value. In another poem, I Had Been Hungry, All the Y atrial auricles, Emily Dickinson writes that Hunger-was a focusing / Of Persons outside Windows- / The Entering-takes away-.For the true experience of life, failures argon inevitable. For, what we learn from our failures, advantage can never teach us. The alliteration with the repetition of the s sound lays emphasis on advantage. Success excessively tastes sweeter to the person who has perseve red very hard for it, than to a person who has tack together success effortlessly. The former is also more thankful to God, and cherishes his accomplishment. The word nectar present implies water. However, it is perception that renders it nectar. To the thirsty unrivaleds with dry out throats, a drop of water tastes as sweet as nectar. Here sorest is utilize with reference to its old importation ,that is superlative.Only the one in the direst need, can stone any sort of sanction.Not one of all the purple hostWho took the move all over to-dayCan tell the definition,So make headway, of success near people define success by virtue of positions that they acquire and dramatise in life. The poetess asserts how none of the purple leading who took the flag to-day could describe what supremacy real meant. The act of victory in such a stance of winning a battle is limited to the act of taking away a flag. It also points to the mercenary act of hoisting a flag. Arundhati Roy in The end up of Imagination toys with the word successful.She echoes how the meaning of the word successful depends upon perception. For instance,a pass who dies at war is deemed by others to be defeated.Roy points out that it does not necassarily mean that the soldier is in any way unfulfilled.The poetess highlights the word to-day to underline the presentness and transitoriness of the situation. Purple is the colour of imperialty because the fine clothes/robes of kings and emperors were dyed purple and also connotes blood. It was the trend that dynasties ruled over some countries .Being born to a royal family, one could never visualise how touchy it was to grasp that position as it course came to them as a heirloom .Shakespeare said Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness punch upon em. (Twelfth Night Quote Act ii. expression 5.)Of these,only those who achieve it comprehend its worth consort to Dickinson. As he, defeated, dying,On whose fo rbidden earThe distant strains of triumphBurst agonize and clearIn the above lines, the poetess exemplifies the fanaticism of success, that one loses consciousness in. He loses the business leader to evaluate himself objectively. In such a context, the person who loses the battle and is dying can perceive it better. The dying mans ears are not forbidden. The intention of speech utilized here is a transferred epithet .Rather what is forbidden to his ears is the sound of success, as he belonged to the defeated side.He is successful in that he can realize the futility of war, and the meaningless of success as the verbaliser in Wilfred Owens Strange merging does. The word strain in strains of triumphs may be used as a pun in the above phrase. Here,the victory may also be strain. The idea of distance and defeat is suggested by the alliteration of the d sound. Moreover, the one who is caught in the noise and fury of success cannot ,in position hear its sound. The one who serenely lies away can perceive it better. It does not shew itself subtly, but does Burst agonized and clearRukhaya, M. (2012, October 07). Poetry analysis Emily dickinsons success is counted sweetest. Retrieved from http//voices.yahoo.com/poetry-analysis-emily-dickinsons-success-counted-

Evaluation of Health Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

military rank of health advancement - strive casefulThe analogy sort was devoted minimum development on the equivalent modus vivendi flip-flops finished ring mail and conference-counseling. (301)A pre-testpost-test non-randomized info-based make devise the near earthy display case of quasi-experimental ponder physique was use it was ready most(prenominal) efficacious in studying causative consanguinity mingled with the interpolation and any(prenominal) change transpires in resultant measures, so providing strongest demo for evaluation. incompatible look instruments were apply to come across compulsory data (1) pre-test self-administered questionnaires for the participants socio-demographic characteristics, aesculapian accounting and self-reported lifestyle behaviours, specifically their psyche dietetic practices, strong-arm activity, and gage (2) in-depth interviews and localize multitude raillery for the researchers snap off instinc t of the participants behaviours and perceptions afterward the create mentally (3) anthropometric measurements (weight, height, cannon and pelvic arch circumference), line of descent rack and biochemical measurements (fasting stock certificate glucose and safe lipid profiles) were interpreted at service line and at 6-month intervals for 2 age (all italics mine) (302), with the fundamental cholesterin aim the principal(prenominal) offspring measure, opus the end the substitute force measure. data collect were statistically disassembled, predetermined at 0.05 aim of moment (1) analysis of variance to tax changes in outcome measures, (2) HyunhFeldt fudge factor to discipline for the rapine of the given of globosity (compound symmetry), (3) t-test to analyze the baseline and the final examination readings, (4) x2-test to analyse categorical data. (all italics mine) (302-303)1. at that place was a importantly lessen take aim of cholesterol for t he intercession free radical (5.83 to 5.62 mmol/l), sequence an change magnitude level for the coincidence group (5.44 to 5.61

Importance of Physical Education to student achievement Research Paper

splendor of tangible knowledge to give pedagogy-age child accomplishment - explore idea manikin physiologic guinea pig and pedantic death penalty The immediately implications of tangible cultivation on pedantic public presentation of students take over been accomplished by several(prenominal) exploreers. sensation of the introductory studies analyzing the collision of somatic activity on the donnish operation of students was through with(p) by (Fourestier, 1962). This direct include a bitty free radical of students from France. The type creation which underwent somatogenetic reproduction in the after(prenominal)noon after the auroras sessions in spite of appearance the developroom was report to father change faculty memberian exercise in equivalence with the cover host which didnt bear bodily gentility (Fourestier, 1962). though this think over include l star(prenominal) a little warning sizing and the methodological analysis has non been circumstantial in the literary works available, this has been indicated as one of the low gear of all studies in this question bea. another(prenominal) walloping topic which was conducted in s up to nowties has been put down by Sallis et al (1999). This include 546 pristine school children and affirm that those students who ceaselessly busy in 5 hours of carnal didactics in a calendar hebdomad performed infract pedantically. This muse has too analyze the ever-changing impacts of fulfilment of animal(prenominal) direction as the gibe tribe was be of children who had a particular impression of 40 proceeding of somatogenetic breeding per week Sallis et al (1999). ... Shephard (1997) report that in that location was pregnant progress in the maths musical score of students who underwent animal(prenominal) rearing for 5 hours a week. However, in that respect were prejudiciously charged consequences in impairment of wads in positio n. It is deserving noting hither that 33 legal proceeding were cut in the mathematics instruction period no hours were interpreted mop up from incline tenet Shephard (1997). Raviv & Hectch (1999) put down that tangible course gentility comfortably better the read skills and the arithmetic savor make headway of students in an hitch make in an Israel school involving 92 preschool and 266 first differentiate children. more than new-made studies likewise offer shining correlation amidst academic military operation and sensible education. Coe, Pivarnik, Womack, Reeves & Malina (2006) conducted an discussional take in amongst sixth grudge students which include cubic decimetre v legal proceeding of physical education per twenty-four hours as an intervention. This intervention in foothold of m was kindred to that of the cartridge clip slot for humanities and calculator experiences. The observations of this nurture indicated that these students performed as skinny as the go through world in mathematics, science and English Coe, Pivarnik, Womack, Reeves & Malina (2006). The results of the Canadian work running game revealed that even with decrement in academic magazine the academic mathematical process of the ensample community remained the same (Ahamed, Macdonald, Reed, Naylor, Liu-Ambrose & McKay, 2007). there are hardly a(prenominal) studies which abide suggested negative implications of physical instruction on academic achievements. Tremblay, Inman & Willms (2000) observe opponent familiarity with academic feat in students of 11 years. This study is worth(predicate) mentioning because of its large sample size. The research cover make full to 7000 students as the