The Transforming of Women in Medieval Literature Essay Example for Free

The Transforming of Women in Medieval Literature Essay Over the countless years of history man and woman have realized that they must come together in order to survive. Whether it was solely for the continuation of our race through procreation, or by uniting one with another in matrimony; the two genders have found it impediment to spend their lives in each other’s midst. Over the span of several millennia we not only see the evolution of these relationships, but we can also witness the transformation of the roles each gender plays in everyday life. One such period where we see many of these roles evolving occur is chronicled in Medieval Literature. Writings such including Chaucer’s â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† and many Arthurian Legends present women and their treatment by their male counterparts in a ways uncommon to earlier writings. One of the best representations of such thinking is found in â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. † The text includes women of varying types and gives an excellent paradigm to the changing culture of the Medieval Era. At the genesis of the tale we are presented with the ideal medieval lady. The narrator describes Queen Guenevere’s immense beauty and states that â€Å"fair queen, without a flaw†¦ A seemlier that once he saw, / In truth no man could say† (81-84). Guenevere serves as an example of the prior period’s typical woman. She is quiet, obedient to her husband, and the attractive object of the male gaze. Previously this was the norm for woman, to be confined to a set of restrictions that kept her inferior to all other men. Compared to Chaucer’s Wife of Bath who is loud, assertive, and extremely sexually open, Guenevere knows her roles and offers little complaint of her place in the castle. The lack of her contention exemplifies the base portrayal of a woman’s traditional position. The next female we come across in the journey of Gawain is Bertilak’s wife. At the first moment of meeting the lovely lady, we are presented with the fact that she is of a different breed than Guenevere. As she enters the room, Gawain’s mind wanders, â€Å"her body and her bearing were beyond praise, / And excelled the queen herself† (944-945). Here a knight admits the greatness of a lady beyond his own queen. This reveals the higher complexity found in the lady of the castle. Where we see the deepening contrasts is in the lady’s actual description. Whereas Guenevere was praised for solely her beauty and carriage, we see depth beyond this in the description of Bertilak’s wife. In lines 1204-1207, we read, â€Å"sweetly she does speak / And kindling glances dart, / Blent white and red on cheek / And laughing lips apart,† a noticeably more sexualized description than the one offered for our former lady. Delving even deeper into the story we read her actions as exceedingly daring for the wife. She wanders into the room of the night herself to seduce him for a kiss. In this time period women made no attempt at such provocation of a man’s lustful desires. Now one may point out that the lady was under orders from Bertilak. What I see is the man counting his wife as equal and including her in his plan to trick Gawain. Either case we see a woman who enjoys the confines of being a lady yet at the same time the freedoms of equality. In this we see more of a modern woman. She is developed more complexly in that she is neither completely virtuous yet neither is she corrupt. Finally we have one last woman; one whom tears down all the conceptions of the conventional feminine roles of the time. Gawain’s Aunt Morgan la Faye is the magical temptress who devises the plan to test her worthy nephew. La Faye is the ultimate foil of our first character and an extreme version of the second. She has no husband and nor any other male too hold her to the constraints of society. She is able to use her powerful skills to do as she pleases and cause any amount of mayhem she sees fit. For example we find out at the end of the tale the old lady accompanying Bertialk’s wife is indeed Morgan la Faye in disguise. Morgan though she is extremely beautiful and young in her true form, stands for the free unconfined woman. Women across time have continually had to deal with confining gender roles. Yet in ever period there have been women who redefined the roles and pushed to break the trends stressed upon them. This condition is reflected by the writers of the time. From their efforts we are able to see the transformation and how the human condition has been affected. The poet who penned †Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† was able to cleverly weave this into the tale. From the examples of Guenevere’s demure attitude, to Lady Bertilak’s seductive ways, and finally ending with Morgan la Faye’s free and chaotic spirit; this paradigm is clearer in the middle ages than many others. Woman made great strides in the era of chivalry and began to break free of the bonds that contained them.

Somethings Coming Essay Example for Free

Somethings Coming Essay

Nestle Organizational Structure

Nestle Organizational Structure INTRODUCTION Nestle is a Swiss multinational nutritional and health-related consumer goods company headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world. Nestles products include baby food, coffee, confectionery, bottled water, breakfast cereals, dairy products, ice cream, pet foods and snacks. 29 of Nestles brands have annual sales of over 1 billion CHF (about US$ 1.1 billion), including, Nescafe, Kit Kat, Nespresso, Smarties, Nesquik, Stouffers, Vittel, and Maggi. Nestle has around 450 factories in 86 countries, and employs around 328,000 people all around the world. It is one of the main stockholders of LOreal, the worlds largest cosmetics company. Nestle was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo Swiss Milk Company, established in 1866 by brothers George Page and Charles Page. The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, increasing its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. The company has made a number of corporate acquisitions, including Crosse Blackwell in 1950, Findus in 1963, Libbys in 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988 and Gerber in 2007. In 2011, Nestle was listed Number one in the Fortune Global 500 as the worlds most profitable corporation. With a market capitalization of $ 200 billion, Nestle ranked Number 13 in the FT Global 2011. (Nestle2011) Henry Nestle (1814-1890) Nestle System and Organization Structure A companys organizational chart typically demonstrates relations between people within an organization. Such relations might include managers to sub-workers, directors to managing directors, chief executive officer to various departments, and so forth. When an organization chart grows too large it can be split into smaller charts for separate departments within the organization. The different types of organization charts include: Hierarchical Matrix Flat (also known as Horizontal) Nestle Company is a decentralized organization that is organized according to the matrix structure. Nestle as a decentralized organization permits to subordinate branches to enjoy a proportionately high-level of independence. Although it still makes major strategy decisions at the headquarter level, daily operations are left up to subordinate branches to derive and perform. The responsibility for operating decisions is push down to local units (Broeckx Hooijberg 2008). In organization structure, Complex system is a system that is comprises a large number of entities that display a high level of nonlinear interactivity. There are number of basic observations that have been made through the examination of complex systems, mainly using computer simulation and the mathematic of non-linearity. (Unden 2001) Complex systems are usually open systems. Nestle, over its long historical development from a small village operation to the worlds leading food Company, has illustrate an excellent capability to adjust to an ever-changing external environment, without losing its basic beliefs and core values, so important for long-term success. Over the years to come, this capability will continue to be challenge even more as Nestle is growing in size and complexity up to a dimension, which demands a continuous development of its organisation and of the way in which it run (Christopher Yannicrumar 2008). (D.Rigby 2009) Nestle Organization Chart In Organization chart, we can see that the management of Nestle is also divided into 3 types top-level management, middle level of management and low-level management. Top Level of Management: It contains of board of directors, chief executive or managing director. The top management is the final source of authority and it manages aims and policies for an initiative. It dedicates more time on planning and coordinating functions. The role of the top management can be summarized as follows: Top management broad policies of the enterprise and lays down the objectives. It issues necessary instructions for preparation of subdivision procedures, schedules, budgets, etc. It prepares strategic policies plans for the initiative. It appoints the executive for middle level for instance departmental managers. It coordinates controls the activities of all the departments. It is also responsible for maintaining a contact with the outside world. It provides direction and guidance. The top management is also responsible towards the stockholders for the performance of the initiative. Middle Level of Management The branch managers and departmental managers constitute middle level. They are responsible to the top management for the operative of their department. They devote more time to directional and organizational functions. Their role can be highlighted as: They execute the plans of the organization in accordance with the policies and directives of the top management. They make plans for the sub-units of the organization. They participate in training employment of lower level management. They understand and explain policies from top-level management to lower level. They are also responsible for inspiring lower level managers towards better performance. Lower Level of Management Lower level is also known as operative/supervisory level of management. It contains of supervisors, superintendent section, officers etc.. Their activities include Assigning of jobs and tasks to various workers. They instruct and guide workers for day-to-day activities. They are responsible for the quality as well as quantity of production. They are also entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining good relation in the organization. They communicate workers problems, suggestions, and recommendatory appeals etc to the higher level and higher-level goals and objectives to the workers. They help to solve the complaints of the workers. (Nestle 2012) Nestle System Methodology and Objectives Nestle objectives are to be known as a world leader in Nutrition, Wellness, Health, trusted by all its stakeholders and to be referenced for financial performance in its industry. The company believes that it is not just about size, it is also about behavior; and they recognized that trust is earned only over a long period of time by systemically delivering on their promises. These objective and behaviors are summarizing in the simple phrase: Good food, Good life, a phrase that sums up the company business aspiration. The Nestle road map is intended the create alignment for workers behind the unified set of strategic priorities that will hasten the achievement of company objectives. These objective demands from workers a mixture of long-term motivation needed to build for the future and short-term business actions, delivering the necessary level of performance. The Nestle model is securing the progress today and ensuring success in future: Achieving simplicity; Investment of growth; Scale benefits; Driving performance The Nestle road map includes three main parts: Competitive advantages Growth drivers Operational pillars (Hemingway 2002) All these may define with one clear and simple chart: http://www.nestle.lk/asset-library/PublishingImages/About%20us/roadmap_large.jpg (Nestle 2012) Nestle has its own company in many countries. The head office in Switzerland works very closely with them, and sets the overall strategy the overall strategy, which is managed through the strategic business units and management. Geographically, Nestle three zones (Europe; the Americas; Asia; Oceania; Africa and the Middle East) work closely with the local markets. Their primary role is that enablers, acting as the voice of the headquarters. All units and zones share Nestle vision so that everyone around the world understands the direction to take and how to get there with common tools, common values and strategic. This ensure that people in a the world know how to act, and that there is a very strong frameworks of clear references and value for fast and efficient decision-making. PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IDENTIFICATION Nestle produces hundreds of products, has a global network of suppliers, and multiple selling channel and distribution. Therefore, to respond and predict in this rapidly changing in market demand condition is very difficult. When predicting a market demand, Nestle will need information to discover shifts in demand early so they could adjust for trends and send the right messages to the suppliers, shippers, and distribution centers before they are deluge with unwanted or defective goods or shortages. (Manhattan Associates. 2010) However, every company has its weakest links, so is Nestle. The weakest links are matters they are unable to control (Labs. 2010). Firstly, the most usual problem is the sources of supply of raw materials. This is due to an unexpected and sudden increase in demand, which will cause extreme supply shortages for merchandises that will result in major price increases. For example, bad natural disaster and bad weather have always been an issue affecting incoming raw materials. Secondly, the mistakenness of orders received in record. No company can ever achieve the requirement of zero imperfections especially in foods and beverages industry. For example, when the purchasing department of Nestle ordered 15,000 of mixed yoghurt from its dealer, but what the retailer received was only 12,000 of them, or on another case they might receive lacking records. Another example is, when Nestle tells its dealer that they needed extra orders of a particular product to be shipped right away because of unpredicted increase in demand, but in fact, the supplier may already has orders from other customers. This usually happen during special occasion. (Mashabale2012) Hence, in order to solve these problems, it is critical for Nestle to engage with multiple dealers or suppliers in that specific region, so they could purchase inventories from multiple dealers, which will definitely reduction the risk of shortage due to incontrollable situation. Besides, Nestle should also base on their purchase and demand planning on last couple of years of sales to estimate current year of supply and demand. Other than that, mutual trust and strong relationship with all the dealers are needed in order to raise the flexibility of material supply management, as well as to improve the bargaining power of Nestle. However, if there is a extra, Nestle may need to plan a promotion to clear their inventories, otherwise Nestle will meeting a great loss such as waste of warehouses space, paying high material handling cost, or inventories that are not sold became defective and may need to be disposed which no profit will earn. Therefore, when there is a big event organized s uch as big Carnival. Nestle will set up a booth at the carnival to sell its products, which are close to the expiry date at lower price such as Maggi products, Nescafe, yoghurt drinks, Milo, Nestle ice creams and so on. People often buy the products in big quantity because of the lesser price than the market price. As a result, Nestle could clear their inventories rather fast and save some space in the warehouses which is a win-win situation. Thirdly, although Nestle has a logistics department but it does not deal with transportation logistics. Nestle subcontracted its supply chain transport to the third-party logistics as Nestle tries to cut their supply chain costs and to concentrate more on their in-plant operations. Although Nestle does not have, a transportation logistics department but they do have a delivery team to cooperate with the third-party logistics in routing protocol. Nestle is using a Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), which is a simple and efficient routing protocol designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks of mobile nodes. The protocol is composed of the two main mechanisms of Route Discovery and Route Maintenance, which work together to allow nodes to discover and maintain routes on-demand to arbitrary destinations in the ad hoc network. (Maltz. 2003). Therefore, the delivery team is there to help Nestle and the third party Logistic that DSR is working as per company direction as w ell as DSR performance. Then, it is the poor partnership relationship between consumer and dealership. Dealers need these capabilities because they in close partnership with manufacturers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Nestle, are a connecting hub of services for the consumers, and other stakeholders. However, Nestle solved this problem by using the Dealer Management Systems (DMS) as well as their dealers. DMS is a software solution that provides tools for managing service, sales, parts and inventory management, integration, business management, and core architecture. DMS help manufacturers and dealers create integrated marketing movements to offer inventory to goal markets. This will integrate innovations into traditional in-store sales and service processes and offer technologies for non-traditional merchandising, service and sales strategies through alternative channels for consumer engagement in-vehicle, via Web, or by phone. (Microsoft Corporation. 2008) RECOMANDATIONS FOR PLOBLEMS Afterward the reviews stated above, those were not the only solutions that are available. Nestle could acquire the inventories from the other outlets from the other region Instead of just finding or having multiple suppliers. Because some regions have different demographics, for example, race. If there is a surplus, and unable to clear the inventories at a short time, Nestle could consider donation for short-run purpose, this could help to clear the old stocks, as well as to help Nestle could use both manual and automation system in managing service, sales, and others. This is because one cannot trust wholly to a machine, as it may not be documenting the steps in its own processor. Because some steps cannot be automated and may require operator intervention to stop the escapement processing steps, even though adapting advanced technologies could help saving cost as labor cost is decrease, but if there are still problems occur, it will affect the business such as loss of customers because of the mistake. Consequently, Nestle must update the system software regularly and full utilization of available technology as well as the manual operators, which will effectively increase the efficiency and dependability of the supply chain systems. (Tallin2011) Nestle 2011, Strategy inaction, Nestle, Viewed 30th March 2013, Broeckx,P Hooijberg,R 2008,Perspective for managers, Nestle On The Move,no 158,24th March 2013, RMIT Christopher, L Yannicrumar, H 2008, New Concepts and Trends in International RD Organization, New Concepts and Trends in International RD Organization, illustrated by the example of NestlÃÆ' ©, Hahn, A 2007, Formalization in organization, Article Gratuits, Viewed 24th March 2013, Studymode 2011, Nestle Organization Structure, Viewed 30th March 2013, http://www.studymode.com/essays/Nestle-s-Organizational-Structure-1303923.html> The official board2011, Nestle, Viewed 9 April 2013, Hemingway 2002, The Nestle sustainability review, Nestle S.A, Public Affair .8th April 2013, Neslte.uk Manhattan Associate2010, Planning and forecasting: Anticipate and Respond to Changes in Demand, viewed 9th April2013, Labs2010, Supply Chain Efficiency Starts at the Top, Food Engineering, Viewed 9th April2013, Mashabale2012, Nestle, Viewed 1th April 2013, Microsoft Corporation2008, Microsoft Offers the Dealer Management Solution, viewed 9th April2013, Maltz2003, The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol, Viewed 10th April2013, Tallin2011, Nestle worldwide, Tallinn university of technology , Viewed 10th April 2013,

Thinkers of the Enlightenment Essay -- Enlightenment Period

Enlightenment The Enlightenment era was a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. Even though different philosophers approached their goal differently, they achieved it none the less. They all approached their goal differently due to their different upbringings, their different backgrounds, and most importantly their different environments. A few among the many enlightened thinkers were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Baron Do Montesquieu, and Jean Jacques Rousseau. While some of their idea’s are not used in modern society, they were all instrumental to the modern society we live in today. More then anyone else Baron do Montesquieu helped shape this country today. Baron do Montesquieu advocated for the creation of three bodies of government. He stated that if there would be less then three then the government would not be able to realize when it turned into a dictatorship. It is from Baron do Montesquieu and his age old ideals that we created our current system of government. He specifically declared that a legislat...

The Formula of Succinic Acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The Formula of Succinic Acid Succinic acid is a diprotic, which means it donates two protons per molecule. Succinic acid can be completely neutralised by sodium hydroxide. The indicator most suitable for this experiment is phenolphthalein, it is colourless in acids and pink in alkalises. The half way stage is about pH 9.3, this is when it will either change from colourless to a very pale pink or from pink to colourless. To determine the relative formula mass of succinic acid I am going to do a titration against sodium hydroxide. The equation for the reaction is given below. To make the equation easier to read, HOOC(CH2)nCOOH will be condensed to H2A because of the two hydrogen atoms at either end. H2A+2NaOH Ã   Na2A+2H2O (CV) H2A = 1 (CV) NaOH 2 I am going to use the NaOH as 0.1M because I don’t want it too concentrated, so therefore I am going to use H2A as 0.05M because of the ratio 2:1. In the formula of succinic acid below n is a whole number between 1 and 4. So therefore first I need to calculate the relative molecular mass of succinic acid. HOOC(CH2)nCOOH H = 1 O = 16 C = 12 Mr when n = 1 1+16+16+12 (12+2) 12+16+16+1 = 104 Mr when n = 2 1+16+16+12 [(12+2) x2] 12+16+16+1 = 118 Mr when n = 3 1+16+16+12 [(12+2) x3] 12+16+16+1 = 132 Mr when n = 4 1+16+16+12 [(12+2) x4] 12+16+16+1 = 146 From these calculations I can see that I need between 104g and 146g in 1 litre to equal 1M. But I want the solution in 250cm3, so therefore I need to divide the weights by 4: n = 1 104 = 26g So I need between 26g and 36.5g in 250cm3 to make a 1M 4 solution. n = 4 146 = 36.5g 4 I also want to make the solution to 0.05M because of the ratio 2:1, so therefore I need to multiply each weight by 0.05. n = 1 26 x 0.05 = 1.3g n = 4 36.5 x 0.05 = 1.8205g So the range I can work with to weigh out the anhydrous succinic acid is from 1.3g to 1.82g,which will make a 0.05M solution in 250cm3. Preparing a standard solution ============================= Having calculated the weight I can use (1.3g-1.82g), I must weigh out the solute using an accurate electronic balance that goes to three decimal places. I must make sure I clean the balance with a fine brush assuming that it may not have been cleaned after the last time it was used and set the balance back to 0.

Spread of Christianity Among People Groups Essay -- Research Papers Ge

Spread of Christianity Among People Groups From the very beginning times of Christianity, its message has identified with and transformed communities of people. Christianity itself grew out of a people group who had an identity that stretches back in time thousands of years. The worship of Yahweh, geographically born in ancient Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) has spread through history to the farthest islands of the seas. Born into the people of Israel, Jesus gathered a small group of followers living and working with them until his ascension to heaven. From these few, the Christian faith spread to other Jews in Israel and the further reaches of the Roman Empire, including parts of southern Europe and Southwest Asia. As Christianity was later adopted by the Roman Empire, much of Europe became the focus of conquest for Roman Christianity, though much of this was due in part to the fall of Western Rome. Rome and beyond Justo L. Gonzalez documents this spread of Christianity into Europe through the avenue of Rome’s influence. He quotes from a Roman Citizen, Paulus Orosius who condenses this historical phenomenon into his own words. He thoughtfully writes, "If only to this end have the barbarians been sent within Roman borders,†¦that the church of Christ might be filled with Huns and Suevi, with Vandals and Burgundians, with diverse and innumerable peoples of believers, then let God’s mercy be praised†¦even if this has taken place through our own destruction."(1, p231) The various people groups documented by Gonzalez are primarily groups who claim a common ethnic and political identity in the form of a kingdom. These were at times conversions of coercion through political structures and at times conversions of conveni... ...cepted the gospel. Some of these groups have either made the mistake of claiming the Christian religion as their own, while others have sought to make it their own. Rather, the truth is that the gospel becomes yours when you share it with another. (3) Works Cited: 1. Gonzalez, Justo L. The Story of Christianity. San Francisco: Harper Publishing, 1984. 2. Winter, Ralph D.; Hawthorne, Steven. Perspectives on the World Christian Movement. Pasadena, CA: The Paternoster Press LTD, 1992. 3. Coptic church, http://pharos.bu.edu/cn/, (5/6/99) 4. Frumentius, http://www.catholic.org/saints/saints/frumentius.html, (5/6/99) 5. Vikings, http://www.csn.net/advent/cathen/11115b.htm, (5/6/99) 6. Crusades, http://orb.rhodes.edu/encyclop/religion/crusades/Crusade.html, (5/6/99) 7. St. Patrick, http://wilstar.com/holidays/patrick.htm, (5/6/99)

English Language Teaching and Ict

ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND ICT BY BANDELE ADEBOYE SOGBESAN SENIOR LECTURER IN ENGLISH, DEPT OF LANGUAGES, TAI SOLARIN UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, IJEBU ODE. INTRODUCTION Language has been described by various scholars over the years according to the perceived roles it plays in different circumstances. Sapir (1921) sees it as a system of arbitrary vocal signs and symbols used for the purpose of communication. It can also be seen in the light of Christophersen’s (1981) view as a conventional tool of self expression adopted by a society in carrying out its socialising functions. Language in both its written and spoken forms, is a vehicle through which man relates with and interpretes the world in which he lives. Various human groups and societies are typified by the language they speak, hence a Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, French or Ghanaian is identified not just by the geographical boundaries which separate them, but also by the distinct linguistic instrument by which they express themselves. Cultures are integral parts of languages, and it is almost impossible to fully express one cultural experience in another language. It is a mainly human attribute which, going by Chomsky’s claim, is however not inherent but is learned or acquired as part of the normal maturational process. In a second language situation as the English Language is in Nigeria, the learning of a target language is not as easy or involuntary as a first language (L1); apart from the deliberate, planned and largely artificial process of teaching and learning, both teachers and learners are constantly searching for improved ways of acquiring cognitive, affective and psychomotor perfection in the new language. It becomes understandable therefore why over the years, there have been changes in pedagogical approaches to language teaching, ranging from the traditional practice of teaching the rules of the target language, through emphasis on practice and repitition without teaching the rules (Williams, 1999), to the more recent integrative approach. This approach combines the inclusion of useful aspects of various theories with contemporary practices and influences in the wider society. It is in this light that we shall examine the relationship between Information and Communicatins Technology (ICT) with the teaching and learning of English Language at the basic level of education in Nigeria. THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE POLICY The National Language Policy as enunciated in the National Policy on Education (1998 Review) prescribed the language of the environment as the medium of instruction in the first three years of formal schooling while English was to be taught as a subject. English was to become the medium of instruction from the fourth year of schooling upwards. The intent of the policy formulators was to enable the child attain a reasonable level of linguistic competence with its attendant cultural awareness. Ironically, the average Nigerian parent appears to prefer their going ‘straight for English’, a factor which could have engendered the mushrooming of private schools in the country and painting the picture of a failing public school system (Sogbesan. 2006). Unfortunately, a large part of the teaching workforce in the private schools are not so much academically quallified or experienced for effective teaching results. LANGUAGE TEACHING AND ICT In Nigeria, English Language has proved to be the most viable link to the outside world. Myriad textual materials, including books and periodicals, videos, journals exist alongside various softwares on the computer and internetwhich enhance the abilities of teachers and learners alike to improve their mastery of English both as a subject and as a service subject. It is expected that with increased ICT awareness, even the pedagogy of English with the various innovations and new avenues for retraining are available online. Some of the accessible ICT facilities that the English Language teacher can avail himself of accross language skills include; The virtual library, This online library provides access to thousands of books and journals which government, schools and private subscribers can consult regularly to update their knowledge and abilities. Packages like Mirosoft Encarta, Encyclopaedia Britannica e. t. c. provide both online and offline acess to vital information in the areas of content and pedagogy. (instantiate) Audio tutoring facilities like radio, television, e. t. c. The information highway also provides access to news and educational materials on a regular basis. Some of the language teaching-learning uses to which ICT can also be put to include; Aural/Oral drills- e. g. phonetic symbols are available on the computer, words and sentences can be heard in the L1 form. (demonstrate) Vocabulary Development and Semantics- e. g. Online / Offline dictionary, Spell Check, Grammar Check, Translator, e. t. c. Where direct contact with original English language forms is required, various softwares are available for both teachers and students to use. Essay Writing- Models and formats are available and teacher/learner can join groups or networks to exchange essays or have them assessed online and offline (e-pen). Furthermore, imaginative recreation, the hallmark of a good essay, can also be enhanced via access to news (print and electronic), great public speeches and events, e. t. c. Also, creative and interesting drills through games like ‘Scrabble’, ‘Who wants to be a millionaire’, e. t. c. are available. Advantages of ICT teaching/learning include; i. It is largely interractive and individualised- The teacher or learner does not need to go through a period of tutelage to master the use of programmes. He masters the various dimensions of use as he goes along. Each learner can therefore develop at his own rate. ii. It is learner –centred, learner- friendly and often exciting to use, thus making sustained contact with subject content less cumbersome. The young learner is encouraged by the excitement of self actualisation and is easily motivated to carry out independent study. ii. It guarrantees consistently high quality of instructional matter that meets global standards. This is moreso because new packages are constantly being turned out for consumers in a seemingly unending race towards perfection. iv. Information provided is quite contemporary and new trends in pedagogy, as well as quick, cheap and easy exchange of new information is guaranteed. Disadvantages of ICT teaching/learning include; i. ICT hardware and packages ma y not be easily affordable to many students in the public school system. The teacher should however be creative and the school should make available at least the minimal materials needed for teaching and learning. Government and the other stakeholders should be quick to come to the aid of needy schools as the need arises. ii. The erratic nature of public power supply could be frustrating to the average teacher or student, but schools should endeavour to procure necessary support materials to enhance subject delivery. Teachers and students should also visit private service providers like cyber cafes as may be necessary. iii. Many teachers are averse to change . There is therefore an urgent need to continuously reorientate teachers accross all levels of basic education to enhance receptivity to modern trends. iv. Unguarded exposure of underage children to the information highway could expose them to items of information which could be distractive or even destructive for them. CONCLUSION In conclusion, teachers and students at various levels of basic education in Nigeria need to endeavour to catch up with the global trend not only to facilitate teaching and learning, but to also package for the future a generation of Nigerians who are able to hold their own in the contemporary world. REFERENCES Rufai, K. I. (2008). ‘Computer in Human Endeavours’ in Sotonode et al (eds) Effective Teaching and Learning of Primary Science Practicein Public Schools in Ogun State. Ijebu Ode. ACUFES Prints. Sogbesan, B. A. (2006). ‘Teaching in The English Language in a non- native situation:Problems and Prospects in Nigerian Education’ in Ayodele et al (eds) Aspects of Language and Literature: A text for Tertiary Institutions. Ibadan, Olu Akin. Williams David(1999). English Language Teaching: An Integrated Approach. Lagos, Spectrum.